Re: Generating sin/square waves sound
Please check PYGAME and Simple Directmedia library. Python is used as the director like role and functions in SDL do most of the jobs in Pygame. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
On Dec 29, 8:55 pm, Ian Kelly wrote:
> On Thu, Dec 29, 2011 at 2:55 AM, lars van gemerden
> wrote:
>
> > Hello,
>
> > Can someone help me with the following:
>
> > I am using metaclasses to make classes and these classes to make
> > instances. Now I want to use multiprocessing, which needs to pickle
> > these instances.
>
> > Pickle cannot find the class definitions of the instances. I am trying
> > to add a line to the __new__ of the metaclass to add the new class
> > under the right name in the right module/place, so pickle can find
> > it.
>
> > Is this the right approach? Can anyone explain to me where/how to add
> > these classes for pickle to find and maybe why?
>
> It sounds like you're trying to do something like this?
>
> >>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> ... pass
> ...>>> instance = MetaClass('', (object,), {})()
> >>> instance
>
> <__main__. object at 0x00CC00F0 import pickle
> >>> pickle.dumps(instance)
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "", line 1, in
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 1374, in dumps
> Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 224, in dump
> self.save(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 331, in save
> self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 401, in save_reduce
> save(args)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 286, in save
> f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
> save(element)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 295, in save
> self.save_global(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
> (obj, module, name))
> pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle '>:
> it's not found as __main__.
>
> Yeah, pickle's not going to work with anonymous classes. As you
> suggest, you could dynamically add the classes to the module namespace
> so that pickle.dumps will find them, but bear in mind that they will
> also have to exist when calling pickle.loads, so you will need to be
> able to reconstruct the same anonymous classes before unpickling later
> on.
>
> Cheers,
> Ian
Thank you Ian for the minimal example. This is almost the case i was
trying to discribe, however the classes will be named at runtime and
the class definitions will be persisted in a database.
Can you help me with how to add the classes to the correct namespace?
The application spans multiple modules (or compared to the example,
the metaclass definition will be in another module then one where the
class and instance will be generated).
Cheers, Lars
--
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Re: Generating sin/square waves sound
On 12/30/2011 02:17 AM, Paulo da Silva wrote: Hi, Sorry if this is a FAQ, but I have googled and didn't find any satisfatory answer. Is there a simple way, preferably multiplataform (or linux), of generating sinusoidal/square waves sound in python? Thanks for any answers/suggestions. If you're willing to be Linux-only, then I believe you can do it without any extra libraries. You build up a string (8 bit char, on Python 2.x) of samples, and write it to "/dev/audio". When i experimented, I was only interested in a few seconds, so a single write was all I needed. Note that the samples are 8 bits, and they are offset by 128. So a zero signal would be a string of 128 values. A very quiet square wave might be a bunch of 126, followed by a bunch of 130. and so on. And the loudest might be a bunch of 2's followed by a bunch of 253's. You'll have to experiment with data rate; The data is sent out at a constant rate from your string, but I don't know what that rate is. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: importing MySQLdb
In article <4efb9d6d.3080...@gmail.com>, Dilara Ally wrote: > I'm trying to import the MySQLdb for python. I downloaded the proper > setuptools egg (ver2.7) for a Mac with OSX10.6 > > I then downloaded the MySQL-python-1.2.3 and ran the following commands > > python setup.py build > sudo python setup.py install > > Then to test that the module was properly loaded I used the interactive > python prompt ad ran the following command: > > import MySQLdb > > The error message read: > > Traceback (most recent call last): >File "", line 1, in >File "MySQLdb/__init__.py", line 19, in > import _mysql >File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-intel/egg/_mysql.py", line 7, in >File "build/bdist.macosx-10.6-intel/egg/_mysql.py", line 6, in > __bootstrap__ > ImportError: > dlopen(/Users/dally/.python-eggs/MySQL_python-1.2.3-py2.7-macosx-10.6-intel.eg > g-tmp/_mysql.so, > 2): Library not loaded: libmysqlclient.18.dylib >Referenced from: > /Users/dally/.python-eggs/MySQL_python-1.2.3-py2.7-macosx-10.6-intel.egg-tmp/_ > mysql.so >Reason: image not found > > Does anyone have any ideas on how to fix this problem? Any help will be > greatly appreciated! If you installed the MySQL client libraries from a MySQL binary installer, chances are that the library name in the client library does not contain the full path. The MySQL project has a pretty dismal record for releasing faulty OS X binaries. There are a few workarounds, the best being either to use install_name_tool to fix the path or to set the DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable. See, for example, this blog post: http://www.blog.bridgeutopiaweb.com/post/how-to-fix-mysql-load-issues-on- mac-os-x/ -- Ned Deily, n...@acm.org -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
On Dec 29, 8:55 pm, Ian Kelly wrote:
> On Thu, Dec 29, 2011 at 2:55 AM, lars van gemerden
> wrote:
>
> > Hello,
>
> > Can someone help me with the following:
>
> > I am using metaclasses to make classes and these classes to make
> > instances. Now I want to use multiprocessing, which needs to pickle
> > these instances.
>
> > Pickle cannot find the class definitions of the instances. I am trying
> > to add a line to the __new__ of the metaclass to add the new class
> > under the right name in the right module/place, so pickle can find
> > it.
>
> > Is this the right approach? Can anyone explain to me where/how to add
> > these classes for pickle to find and maybe why?
>
> It sounds like you're trying to do something like this?
>
> >>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> ... pass
> ...>>> instance = MetaClass('', (object,), {})()
> >>> instance
>
> <__main__. object at 0x00CC00F0 import pickle
> >>> pickle.dumps(instance)
>
> Traceback (most recent call last):
> File "", line 1, in
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 1374, in dumps
> Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 224, in dump
> self.save(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 331, in save
> self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 401, in save_reduce
> save(args)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 286, in save
> f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
> save(element)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 295, in save
> self.save_global(obj)
> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
> (obj, module, name))
> pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle '>:
> it's not found as __main__.
>
> Yeah, pickle's not going to work with anonymous classes. As you
> suggest, you could dynamically add the classes to the module namespace
> so that pickle.dumps will find them, but bear in mind that they will
> also have to exist when calling pickle.loads, so you will need to be
> able to reconstruct the same anonymous classes before unpickling later
> on.
>
> Cheers,
> Ian
Ian also wrote:
'''
Actually, I was wrong, you probably don't need to do that. I suggest
going with Robert Kern's suggestion to either register the class with
the copy_reg module, or (perhaps better since it won't leak
registrations) implement a __reduce__ method on the class. For
example, this seems to work:
>>> def reconstructor(*metaclass_args):
... cls = MetaClass.build_class(*metaclass_args)
... self = cls.__new__(cls)
... return self
...
>>> class MetaClass(type):
... @classmethod
... def build_class(mcs, arg1, arg2, arg3):
... # Do something useful with the args...
... class _AnonymousClass(object):
... __metaclass__ = mcs
... def __reduce__(self):
... return (reconstructor, ('foo', 'bar', 'baz'),
self.__dict__)
... return _AnonymousClass
...
>>> instance = MetaClass.build_class('foo', 'bar', 'baz')()
>>> instance
<__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DB410>
>>> instance.banana = 42
>>> import pickle
>>> s = pickle.dumps(instance)
>>> s
"c__main__\nreconstructor
\np0\n(S'foo'\np1\nS'bar'\np2\nS'baz'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(dp6\nS'banana'\np7\nI42\nsb."
>>> inst2 = pickle.loads(s)
>>> inst2
<__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DBE90>
>>> inst2.banana
42
>>> inst2.__class__ is instance.__class__
False
Cheers,
Ian
'''
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Generating sin/square waves sound
Am Fri, 30 Dec 2011 07:17:13 + schrieb Paulo da Silva:
> Hi,
> Sorry if this is a FAQ, but I have googled and didn't find any
> satisfatory answer.
>
> Is there a simple way, preferably multiplataform (or linux), of
> generating sinusoidal/square waves sound in python?
>
> Thanks for any answers/suggestions.
Have a look at the wave module, available under Windows and Linux,
which operates on .WAV files. The following snippet might get you going:
#!/usr/bin/python
import math, wave, struct
def signal(t, freq):
return math.sin(2.0*math.pi*freq*t)
wout = wave.open("sample.wav", "wb")
nchan = 1
sampwidth = 2
framerate = 8000
nframes = 7 * framerate
comptype = "NONE"
compname = "no compression"
wout.setparams((nchan, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname))
ts = 1.0 / framerate
t = 0.0
n = 0
data = []
vals = []
while n < nframes:
vals.append(signal(t, 517.0))
n = n + 1
t = t + ts
mx = max((abs(x) for x in vals))
vals = [ x/mx for x in vals ]
data = ""
for v in vals:
data = data + struct.pack("http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
lars van gemerden wrote:
> On Dec 29, 8:55 pm, Ian Kelly wrote:
>> On Thu, Dec 29, 2011 at 2:55 AM, lars van gemerden
>> wrote:
>>
>> > Hello,
>>
>> > Can someone help me with the following:
>>
>> > I am using metaclasses to make classes and these classes to make
>> > instances. Now I want to use multiprocessing, which needs to pickle
>> > these instances.
>>
>> > Pickle cannot find the class definitions of the instances. I am trying
>> > to add a line to the __new__ of the metaclass to add the new class
>> > under the right name in the right module/place, so pickle can find
>> > it.
>>
>> > Is this the right approach? Can anyone explain to me where/how to add
>> > these classes for pickle to find and maybe why?
>>
>> It sounds like you're trying to do something like this?
>>
>> >>> class MetaClass(type):
>>
>> ... pass
>> ...>>> instance = MetaClass('', (object,), {})()
>> >>> instance
>>
>> <__main__. object at 0x00CC00F0 import pickle
>> >>> pickle.dumps(instance)
>>
>> Traceback (most recent call last):
>> File "", line 1, in
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 1374, in dumps
>> Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 224, in dump
>> self.save(obj)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 331, in save
>> self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 401, in save_reduce
>> save(args)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 286, in save
>> f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
>> save(element)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 295, in save
>> self.save_global(obj)
>> File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
>> (obj, module, name))
>> pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle '>:
>> it's not found as __main__.
>>
>> Yeah, pickle's not going to work with anonymous classes. As you
>> suggest, you could dynamically add the classes to the module namespace
>> so that pickle.dumps will find them, but bear in mind that they will
>> also have to exist when calling pickle.loads, so you will need to be
>> able to reconstruct the same anonymous classes before unpickling later
>> on.
>>
>> Cheers,
>> Ian
>
> Thank you Ian for the minimal example. This is almost the case i was
> trying to discribe, however the classes will be named at runtime and
> the class definitions will be persisted in a database.
>
> Can you help me with how to add the classes to the correct namespace?
> The application spans multiple modules (or compared to the example,
> the metaclass definition will be in another module then one where the
> class and instance will be generated).
If the metaclass is global in whatever module you don't need to bother about
that. The problem is that you cannot access the classes (metaclass
instances) under a dotted name. One workaround is a pseudo-module that does
whatever is needed to recreate the class:
import pickle
import sys
class MetaClass(type):
pass
class M(object):
def __init__(self, module):
self.__module = module
def __getattr__(self, name):
print "creating class", name
class_ = MetaClass(name, (), {"__module__": self.__module})
setattr(self, name, class_)
return class_
sys.modules["m"] = M("m")
import m
c = m.x
s = pickle.dumps(c)
print repr(s)
d = pickle.loads(s)
assert c is d
sys.modules["m"] = M("m")
e = pickle.loads(s)
assert c is not e
The official way is probably what Robert mentioned, via the copy_reg module,
but I didn't get it to work.
--
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Is python.org down?
Hi, I´m trying to access pypi.python.org as well as www.python.org and none of them is up? Anybody else having problems with python.org today? Is there a scheduled downtime? Thanks Mario Menezes Brazil -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
On 30 dec, 14:21, Mario Menezes wrote: > Hi, > > I´m trying to access pypi.python.org as well as www.python.org and none of > them is up? > > Anybody else having problems with python.org today? Is there a scheduled > downtime? > > Thanks > > Mario Menezes > Brazil Seems like it is down ... I downloaded the 2.7.2 Windows installer a couple of hours ago, but now even the download page isn't accessible. Tist Verdonck Belgium -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:39:37 -0800 (PST) tistje a écrit: > On 30 dec, 14:21, Mario Menezes wrote: > > Hi, > > > > I´m trying to access pypi.python.org as well as www.python.org and none > > of them is up? > > > > Anybody else having problems with python.org today? Is there a > > scheduled downtime? > Seems like it is down ... I downloaded the 2.7.2 Windows installer a > couple of hours ago, but now even the download page isn't accessible. http://www.python.org seems to be working, now. -- Jérôme France -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
On Sat, Dec 31, 2011 at 12:21 AM, Mario Menezes wrote: > Hi, > > I´m trying to access pypi.python.org as well as www.python.org and none of > them is up? > > Anybody else having problems with python.org today? Is there a scheduled > downtime? > > Thanks Appears to be up now, for me at least. No reported troubles with DNS. If you're still unable to get to it, try doing a DNS lookup, or try pinging 82.94.164.162 (which is www.python.org according to my lookup). Which one's out? ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
Yeah! www.python.org is up now. pypi.python.org still with problems (502 Bad Gateway). will wait couple time. somebody seems to be working on this. thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
A good tool for determining whether a site is down or just unavailable to you: http://downorisitjustme.com Malcolm -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
On 30 dec, 14:48, Chris Angelico wrote: > On Sat, Dec 31, 2011 at 12:21 AM, Mario Menezes wrote: > > Hi, > > > I´m trying to access pypi.python.org as well aswww.python.organd none of > > them is up? > > > Anybody else having problems with python.org today? Is there a scheduled > > downtime? > > > Thanks > > Appears to be up now, for me at least. No reported troubles with DNS. > If you're still unable to get to it, try doing a DNS lookup, or try > pinging 82.94.164.162 (which iswww.python.orgaccording to my > lookup). Which one's out? > > ChrisA only pypi is still unaccessible (502 Bad Gateway). Tist -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Is python.org down?
hi Everyone, it seems http://in.pycon.org/2011/ is also down :( Regards Vikash Agrawal -- sent via HTC Sensation -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
On Dec 30, 12:16 pm, lars van gemerden wrote:
> On Dec 29, 8:55 pm, Ian Kelly wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> > On Thu, Dec 29, 2011 at 2:55 AM, lars van gemerden
> > wrote:
>
> > > Hello,
>
> > > Can someone help me with the following:
>
> > > I am using metaclasses to make classes and these classes to make
> > > instances. Now I want to use multiprocessing, which needs to pickle
> > > these instances.
>
> > > Pickle cannot find the class definitions of the instances. I am trying
> > > to add a line to the __new__ of the metaclass to add the new class
> > > under the right name in the right module/place, so pickle can find
> > > it.
>
> > > Is this the right approach? Can anyone explain to me where/how to add
> > > these classes for pickle to find and maybe why?
>
> > It sounds like you're trying to do something like this?
>
> > >>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> > ... pass
> > ...>>> instance = MetaClass('', (object,), {})()
> > >>> instance
>
> > <__main__. object at 0x00CC00F0 import pickle
> > >>> pickle.dumps(instance)
>
> > Traceback (most recent call last):
> > File "", line 1, in
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 1374, in dumps
> > Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 224, in dump
> > self.save(obj)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 331, in save
> > self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 401, in save_reduce
> > save(args)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 286, in save
> > f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
> > save(element)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 295, in save
> > self.save_global(obj)
> > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
> > (obj, module, name))
> > pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle '>:
> > it's not found as __main__.
>
> > Yeah, pickle's not going to work with anonymous classes. As you
> > suggest, you could dynamically add the classes to the module namespace
> > so that pickle.dumps will find them, but bear in mind that they will
> > also have to exist when calling pickle.loads, so you will need to be
> > able to reconstruct the same anonymous classes before unpickling later
> > on.
>
> > Cheers,
> > Ian
> Ian also wrote:
>
> '''
> Actually, I was wrong, you probably don't need to do that. I suggest
> going with Robert Kern's suggestion to either register the class with
> the copy_reg module, or (perhaps better since it won't leak
> registrations) implement a __reduce__ method on the class. For
> example, this seems to work:
>
> >>> def reconstructor(*metaclass_args):
>
> ... cls = MetaClass.build_class(*metaclass_args)
> ... self = cls.__new__(cls)
> ... return self
> ...>>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> ... @classmethod
> ... def build_class(mcs, arg1, arg2, arg3):
> ... # Do something useful with the args...
> ... class _AnonymousClass(object):
> ... __metaclass__ = mcs
> ... def __reduce__(self):
> ... return (reconstructor, ('foo', 'bar', 'baz'),
> self.__dict__)
> ... return _AnonymousClass
> ...>>> instance = MetaClass.build_class('foo', 'bar', 'baz')()
> >>> instance
>
> <__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DB410 instance.banana = 42
> >>> import pickle
> >>> s = pickle.dumps(instance)
> >>> s
>
> "c__main__\nreconstructor
> \np0\n(S'foo'\np1\nS'bar'\np2\nS'baz'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(dp6\nS'banana'\np7\nI
> 42\nsb.">>> inst2 = pickle.loads(s)
> >>> inst2
>
> <__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DBE90 inst2.banana
> 42
> >>> inst2.__class__ is instance.__class__
>
> False
>
> Cheers,
> Ian
>
> '''
Interesting, though I cannot say I completely understand this solution
(looked up __reduce__, but still). I am trying to adapt this example
to a situation where the metaclass generated classes are named at
runtime (not anonymous), but cannot figure it out.
Cheers, Lars
--
http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
On Dec 30, 4:56 pm, lars van gemerden wrote:
> On Dec 30, 12:16 pm, lars van gemerden wrote:
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> > On Dec 29, 8:55 pm, Ian Kelly wrote:
>
> > > On Thu, Dec 29, 2011 at 2:55 AM, lars van gemerden
> > > wrote:
>
> > > > Hello,
>
> > > > Can someone help me with the following:
>
> > > > I am using metaclasses to make classes and these classes to make
> > > > instances. Now I want to use multiprocessing, which needs to pickle
> > > > these instances.
>
> > > > Pickle cannot find the class definitions of the instances. I am trying
> > > > to add a line to the __new__ of the metaclass to add the new class
> > > > under the right name in the right module/place, so pickle can find
> > > > it.
>
> > > > Is this the right approach? Can anyone explain to me where/how to add
> > > > these classes for pickle to find and maybe why?
>
> > > It sounds like you're trying to do something like this?
>
> > > >>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> > > ... pass
> > > ...>>> instance = MetaClass('', (object,), {})()
> > > >>> instance
>
> > > <__main__. object at 0x00CC00F0 import pickle
> > > >>> pickle.dumps(instance)
>
> > > Traceback (most recent call last):
> > > File "", line 1, in
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 1374, in dumps
> > > Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 224, in dump
> > > self.save(obj)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 331, in save
> > > self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 401, in save_reduce
> > > save(args)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 286, in save
> > > f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
> > > save(element)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 295, in save
> > > self.save_global(obj)
> > > File "c:\python27\lib\pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
> > > (obj, module, name))
> > > pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle '>:
> > > it's not found as __main__.
>
> > > Yeah, pickle's not going to work with anonymous classes. As you
> > > suggest, you could dynamically add the classes to the module namespace
> > > so that pickle.dumps will find them, but bear in mind that they will
> > > also have to exist when calling pickle.loads, so you will need to be
> > > able to reconstruct the same anonymous classes before unpickling later
> > > on.
>
> > > Cheers,
> > > Ian
> > Ian also wrote:
>
> > '''
> > Actually, I was wrong, you probably don't need to do that. I suggest
> > going with Robert Kern's suggestion to either register the class with
> > the copy_reg module, or (perhaps better since it won't leak
> > registrations) implement a __reduce__ method on the class. For
> > example, this seems to work:
>
> > >>> def reconstructor(*metaclass_args):
>
> > ... cls = MetaClass.build_class(*metaclass_args)
> > ... self = cls.__new__(cls)
> > ... return self
> > ...>>> class MetaClass(type):
>
> > ... @classmethod
> > ... def build_class(mcs, arg1, arg2, arg3):
> > ... # Do something useful with the args...
> > ... class _AnonymousClass(object):
> > ... __metaclass__ = mcs
> > ... def __reduce__(self):
> > ... return (reconstructor, ('foo', 'bar', 'baz'),
> > self.__dict__)
> > ... return _AnonymousClass
> > ...>>> instance = MetaClass.build_class('foo', 'bar', 'baz')()
> > >>> instance
>
> > <__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DB410 instance.banana = 42
> > >>> import pickle
> > >>> s = pickle.dumps(instance)
> > >>> s
>
> > "c__main__\nreconstructor
> > \np0\n(S'foo'\np1\nS'bar'\np2\nS'baz'\np3\ntp4\nRp5\n(dp6\nS'banana'\np7\nI
> > 42\nsb.">>> inst2 = pickle.loads(s)
> > >>> inst2
>
> > <__main__._AnonymousClass object at 0x011DBE90 inst2.banana
> > 42
> > >>> inst2.__class__ is instance.__class__
>
> > False
>
> > Cheers,
> > Ian
>
> > '''
>
> Interesting, though I cannot say I completely understand this solution
> (looked up __reduce__, but still). I am trying to adapt this example
> to a situation where the metaclass generated classes are named at
> runtime (not anonymous), but cannot figure it out.
>
> Cheers, Lars
Found a way to name the classes:
def reconstructor(*metaclass_args):
cls = MetaClass2.build_class(*metaclass_args)
self = cls.__new__(cls)
return self
class MetaClass(type):
@classmethod
def build_class(mcs, name, arg1, arg2, arg3):
return mcs(name, (object,), {"__reduce__": lambda e:
(reconstructor2, (name, arg1, arg2, arg3), e.__dict__)})
I still wonder whether it might be easier to add the class to the
namespace. Can anyone help me with that?
Regards, Lars
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Doing a HTTP DELETE operation with urllib2?
Is there some way to make urllib2.urlopen() perform a DELETE instead of a GET or POST? I'm hoping I don't have to dip way down into httplib. I've got an application test framework built on top of urllib2. It makes heavy use of HTTPCookieProcessor. If I need to use the httplib calls directly, I'll have to re-implement a lot of that machinery. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: pickling instances of metaclass generated classes
On Fri, Dec 30, 2011 at 9:51 AM, lars van gemerden wrote: > I still wonder whether it might be easier to add the class to the > namespace. Can anyone help me with that? from mypackage import mymodule setattr(mymodule, myclass.__name__, myclass) -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Doing a HTTP DELETE operation with urllib2?
Hi, On 12/30/2011 12:01 PM, Roy Smith wrote: Is there some way to make urllib2.urlopen() perform a DELETE instead of a GET or POST? I'm hoping I don't have to dip way down into httplib. I've got an application test framework built on top of urllib2. It makes heavy use of HTTPCookieProcessor. If I need to use the httplib calls directly, I'll have to re-implement a lot of that machinery. You might want to look: https://github.com/dougsland/rhev3-restapi-scripts/blob/master/sample-delete.py -- Cheers Douglas -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Creating a binary only python distribution of a C extension module and including some additional python and c files in it
Hi, I have a extension module in C which I want to distribute in binary format, ideally an rpm. Additionally, I want to include some python files (examples on how to use the extension module) and source for a library the module dynamically links to (c,h, and make files). How do I specify the example python file in setup.py so that it will be included in the rpm? If I specify it as scripts, I get the following error: $ python setup.py bdist --format=rpm running build_scripts creating build/scripts-2.6 error: file 'foo.py' does not exist error: Bad exit status from /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.yjws9x (%build) If I specify it as data_files, I get the following error: $ python setup.py bdist --format=rpm error: Installed (but unpackaged) file(s) found: /usr/foo.pyc /usr/foo.pyo If I specify it as py_modules, I do not get errors but it is not included in the resulting rpm. Specifying it as a script works if I use $ python setup.py bdist --format=gztar Additionally, can I control the hierarchy of how the files are laid out in the rpm? Currently, I am specifying the c,h,make files as data_files and they get placed in /usr, which is not desirable. Regards, akhi -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: How to get function string name from i-th stack position?
On 12/30/11 11:51, dmitrey wrote:
how to get string name of a function that is n levels above
the current Python interpreter position?
Use the results of traceback.extract_stack()
from traceback import extract_stack
def one(x):
print "one", x
stk = extract_stack()
for mod, lineno, fun_name, call_code_text in stk:
print "[%s:%i] in %s" % (mod, lineno, fun_name)
def two(x):
print "two", x
one(x)
def three(x):
print "three", x
two(x)
three("Hi")
-tkc
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Re: How to get function string name from i-th stack position?
On Dec 30, 8:35 pm, Tim Chase wrote:
> On 12/30/11 11:51, dmitrey wrote:
>
> > how to get string name of a function that is n levels above
> > the current Python interpreter position?
>
> Use the results of traceback.extract_stack()
>
> from traceback import extract_stack
> def one(x):
> print "one", x
> stk = extract_stack()
> for mod, lineno, fun_name, call_code_text in stk:
> print "[%s:%i] in %s" % (mod, lineno, fun_name)
> def two(x):
> print "two", x
> one(x)
> def three(x):
> print "three", x
> two(x)
> three("Hi")
>
> -tkc
Thank you. And what should I do to get function by itself instead of
its string name, e.g. I want to know does this function is my_func or
any other? For example, I would like to check is this function Python
sum(), or maybe numpy.sum(), or anything else?
Regards, D.
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Re: Doing a HTTP DELETE operation with urllib2?
Ah, cool. I didn't know you could do that. Thanks. -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Doing a HTTP DELETE operation with urllib2?
On Fri, 30 Dec 2011 10:57:06 -0800, Roy Smith wrote: > Ah, cool. I didn't know you could do that. Thanks. Who are you talking to, and what is "that"? Replies with no context are somewhat less than useful. It might have made sense in your head when you wrote the reply, but to those reading, it is rather cryptic. -- Steven -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Doing a HTTP DELETE operation with urllib2?
On 12/30/2011 03:37 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote: On Fri, 30 Dec 2011 10:57:06 -0800, Roy Smith wrote: Ah, cool. I didn't know you could do that. Thanks. Who are you talking to, and what is "that"? Replies with no context are somewhat less than useful. It might have made sense in your head when you wrote the reply, but to those reading, it is rather cryptic. Actually I think he was replying to Roy Smith's message, which has a timestamp of 77 minutes later. Interesting the effects you get when some clocks are allowed to drift. -- DaveA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
(Warning: this question obviously reflects the fact that I am more
accustomed to using Java than Python.)
Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
from the x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same
bearing in various formats.
In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to
deal with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
--
Unix is a user-friendly operating system. It's just very choosy about
its friends.
--
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
Adam Funk wrote:
>Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
>created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
>("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
>usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
>from the x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same
>bearing in various formats.
>
>In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
>argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
>class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
>optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to
>deal with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
You can determine the type of the input data by using isinstance() and
take the appropriate actions depending on this decision:
>>> class MyClass(object):
... def __init__(self, input_data):
... if isinstance(input_data, basestring):
... print "Do actions for string type input"
... elif isinstance(input_data, float):
... print "Do actions for float type input"
... def get_output_data(self):
... return "output data"
...
>>> a = MyClass("String")
Do actions for string type input
>>> b = MyClass(15.9)
Do actions for float type input
Best regards,
Günther
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
Adam Funk wrote:
> (Warning: this question obviously reflects the fact that I am more
> accustomed to using Java than Python.)
>
> Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
> created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
> ("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
> usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
> from the x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same
> bearing in various formats.
>
> In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
> argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
> class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
> optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to
> deal with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
Cleanest from the point of view of the class source code would be factory
functions at the module level, or special classmethods to deal with the less
common cases. You see this a lot in wxPython when they have to deal with
overloaded C++ constructors.
Most like the Java would be to check within __init__ for a string argument
that could be parsed as a bearing, and failing that fall back to treating
the argument as a numeric angle.
Neither fish nor fowl would be to accept named arguments for the different
kinds of values.
Mel.
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
On 30 December 2011 20:40, Adam Funk wrote:
> (Warning: this question obviously reflects the fact that I am more
> accustomed to using Java than Python.)
>
> Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
> created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
> ("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
> usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
> from the x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same
> bearing in various formats.
>
> In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
> argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
> class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
> optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to
> deal with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
(Using Python 3 below)
Method 1
--
Your __init__ method could take the angle as an argument (which seems
the most natural to me). Then you could have a class method that
takes the string
i.e.
class Bearing:
def __init__(self, angle):
self.angle = angle
# or whatever your internal reprsentation is
@classmethod
def fromstring(cls, string):
# Here, work out the angle from the string
return cls(angle)
So you can do:
b = Bearing(65.5)
or
b = Bearing.fromstring("N24d30mE")
Method 2
--
You can test the type of the argument of the __init__ method
class Bearing:
def __init__(self, arg):
if isinstance(arg, str):
# here calculate the value of angle
else:
angle = float(angle)
self.angle = angle
Now you can do:
b = Bearing(65.5)
or
b = Bearing("N24d30mE")
Both methods are used for builtin types:
>>> int('12')
12
>>> int(12.5)
12
>>> dict([(1, 2), (3, 4)])
{1: 2, 3: 4}
>>> dict.fromkeys([1, 2])
{1: None, 2: None}
HTH
--
Arnaud
--
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
> Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
> created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
> ("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
> usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
> from the x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same
> bearing in various formats.
>
> In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
> argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
> class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
> optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to
> deal with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
Similar to other answers already posted:
#!/usr/bin/env python
class azimuth:
def __init__(self, bearing, heading):
self.bearing = bearing
self.heading = heading
if not bearing:
self.bearing = 30.5 # or, realistically, a calculation
based on the heading
if not heading:
self.heading = "N..." # or, realistically, a calculation
based on the bearing
@staticmethod
def getBearingInstance(bearing):
return azimuth(bearing, None)
@staticmethod
def getHeadingInstance(heading):
return azimuth(None, heading)
azimuth1 = azimuth.getBearingInstance("N24d30mE")
print azimuth1.heading
azimuth2 = azimuth.getHeadingInstance(30)
print azimuth2.bearing
--
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Re: How to get function string name from i-th stack position?
On Fri, Dec 30, 2011 at 11:43 AM, dmitrey wrote: > Thank you. And what should I do to get function by itself instead of > its string name, e.g. I want to know does this function is my_func or > any other? For example, I would like to check is this function Python > sum(), or maybe numpy.sum(), or anything else? The Python stack only includes Python code objects. Built-ins like sum won't appear in it because they're basically C functions and don't have associated code objects. If you really want to see them, you could probably do something with ctypes to inspect the C stack, but I don't recommend it. You can get the Python code objects from the stack by calling inspect.stack(), which includes each frame object currently on the stack as the first member of each tuple. E.g.: frames = map(operator.itemgetter(0), inspect.stack()) Each frame has an f_code attribute that stores the code object associated with that frame. Getting the actual function from the code object is tricky, for two reasons. One, not all code objects represent functions. There are also code objects for modules, class definitions, and probably other thing as well. Two, code objects don't have associated functions. The relationship is the reverse: functions have associated code objects. You would have to iterate over each function that you're interested in, looking for one with a func_code attribute that "is" the frame's f_code attribute. In any case, testing function identity is a rather large rabbit hole that is best avoided. These are mathematically the same function: def plus1(value): return value + 1 plus_one = lambda x: x + 1 But they are two distinct function objects, and there is no way programmatically to determine that they are the same function except by comparing the bytecode (which won't work generally because of the halting problem). What is it that you're trying to do? Perhaps the helpful folks on the list will be able to suggest a better solution if you can provide more details. Cheers, Ian -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
On Fri, 30 Dec 2011 20:40:16 +, Adam Funk wrote:
> (Warning: this question obviously reflects the fact that I am more
> accustomed to using Java than Python.)
>
> Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
> created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
> ("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as usually
> measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise from the
> x-axis). The class will have methods to return the same bearing in
> various formats.
>
> In Java, I would write two constructors, one taking a single String
> argument and one taking a single Double argument. But in Python, a
> class can have only one __init__ method, although it can have a lot of
> optional arguments with default values. What's the correct way to deal
> with a situation like the one I've outlined above?
The most idiomatic way to do this would be with named constructor
functions, or by testing the argument type in __init__. For example:
# Method 1
class Azimuth(object):
def __init__(self, angle):
# Initialise an azimuth object from an angle (float)
self._angle = float(angle)
@classmethod
def from_bearing(cls, bearing):
# Create an azimuth object from a bearing (string).
angle = cls.bearing_to_angle(bearing)
return cls(angle)
@staticmethod
def bearing_to_angle(bearing):
# Convert a bearing (string) into a float.
return 0.0 # whatever...
Note some features of this version:
* Normal methods receive the instance as first argument, "self".
* We use the classmethod and staticmethod decorators to create class
and static methods. Be warned that the meaning of these are NOT
the same as in Java!
* Class methods receive the class object as first argument, "cls".
Hence the name. Note that in Python, classes are objects too.
* We make from_bearing a class method, so we can call it from either
the class itself:
ang = Azimuth.from_bearing("25N14E")
or from an existing instance:
ang2 = ang.from_bearing("17N31W")
* Static methods don't receive either the class or the instance. They
are equivalent to a top level function, except encapsulated inside
a class.
# Method 2
class Azimuth(object):
def __init__(self, arg):
# Initialise an azimuth object from arg, either an angle (float)
# or a bearing (string).
if isinstance(arg, str):
angle = bearing_to_angle(arg)
else:
angle = float(arg)
self._angle = float(angle)
def bearing_to_angle(bearing):
# Convert a bearing (string) into a float.
return 0.0 # whatever...
Note that in this example, I've turned bearing_to_angle into a regular
function outside of the class instead of a static method. Just because I
can. This is probably slightly more idiomatic than the use of static
methods.
Either method is acceptable, although the first is slightly more "pure"
because it doesn't use isinstance. The second may fail if the user passes
a string-like object which behaves identically to strings, but doesn't
inherit from str. If you care about that, you should prefer the first way
with an explicit from_bearing method.
--
Steven
--
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
On Fri, 30 Dec 2011 21:18:29 +, Jason Friedman wrote:
> class azimuth:
> def __init__(self, bearing, heading):
It is conventional, and recommended, to use an initial capital letter for
classes. (Yes, Python built-ins violate that rule, and indeed so do some
non-built-ins.) See PEP 8 for the recommended style guide.
[...]
> @staticmethod
> def getBearingInstance(bearing):
> return azimuth(bearing, None)
> @staticmethod
> def getHeadingInstance(heading):
> return azimuth(None, heading)
In this case, you should use classmethod rather than staticmethod and
avoid hard-coding the class:
@classmethod
def getBearingInstance(cls, bearing):
return cls(bearing, None)
That way subclassing will work correctly:
class MyAzimuth(azimuth):
pass
angle = MyAzimuth.getBearingInstance("N24d30mE")
will return a MyAzimuth instance instead of an azimuth instance.
--
Steven
--
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
In article ,
Adam Funk wrote:
> (Warning: this question obviously reflects the fact that I am more
> accustomed to using Java than Python.)
>
> Suppose I'm creating a class that represents a bearing or azimuth,
> created either from a string of traditional bearing notation
> ("N24d30mE") or from a number indicating the angle in degrees as
> usually measured in trigonometry (65.5, measured counter-clockwise
> from the x-axis).
There's two ways to do this.
One would be to have the __init__ method switch on the type of its
argument:
def __init__(self, bearing_or_azimuth):
if isinstance(bearing_or_azimuth, basestring):
# do the bearing thing
else:
# do the azimuth thing
I suspect many people would consider that unpythonic. The other way
would be what, in the C++/Java world, would be called the "named
constructor idiom". Just write two factory functions:
class DirectionIndicatingThingie:
@staticmethod
def from_bearing(cls, bearing):
dit = DirectionIndicatingThingie()
dit.direction = whatever
return dit
and likewise for from_azimuth()
"But!", some C++/Java type bondage addicts might cry, "there's nothing
to prevent somebody from creating a DirectionIndicatingThingie directly,
bypassing the factory functions. There's no way to make the constructor
private!". To which the free-willed pythonistas would respond, "If it
hurts when you do that, don't do that".
--
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Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
On Sat, Dec 31, 2011 at 10:24 AM, Roy Smith wrote: > "But!", some C++/Java type bondage addicts might cry, "there's nothing > to prevent somebody from creating a DirectionIndicatingThingie directly, > bypassing the factory functions. There's no way to make the constructor > private!". To which the free-willed pythonistas would respond, "If it > hurts when you do that, don't do that". You know a Python programmer's been at your C++ code when it opens: #define class struct ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
In article , Chris Angelico wrote: > On Sat, Dec 31, 2011 at 10:24 AM, Roy Smith wrote: > > "But!", some C++/Java type bondage addicts might cry, "there's nothing > > to prevent somebody from creating a DirectionIndicatingThingie directly, > > bypassing the factory functions. There's no way to make the constructor > > private!". To which the free-willed pythonistas would respond, "If it > > hurts when you do that, don't do that". > > You know a Python programmer's been at your C++ code when it opens: > #define class struct Why stop there? #define private public -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: mutually exclusive arguments to a constructor
On Sat, Dec 31, 2011 at 10:39 AM, Roy Smith wrote: > In article , > Chris Angelico wrote: > >> You know a Python programmer's been at your C++ code when it opens: >> #define class struct > > Why stop there? > > #define private public Probably yeah, do both. Anyway, life's so much easier when you don't have to write trivial getter/setter methods (and then maintain them). I've never had a situation where I've changed a private member while keeping the getters and setters unchanged; the ONLY benefit accessor methods have ever given to me personally has been logging (and granted, that is hard to do without them - since you can't override __getitem__ in C++ - but how often do you really need that facility?). I used to believe in the separation of interface from implementation. Then I realised that most of the separation was transparent anyway, and gave up on it. And then realised why the separation is a good idea after all. :) ChrisA -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Which library for audio playback ?
On 12/29/11 05:55 , Jérôme wrote: I'm writing a small application that plays sound through the speakers. The sounds are juste sine waves of arbitrary frequency I create in the code, not sample .wav files. I didn't expect the choice for an audio library to be that complicated. There are several libraries, and none of them seems to be *the* reference. Searching the web, I found these resources : http://wiki.python.org/moin/Audio http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonInMusic * I privileged ALSA to OSS as I read elsewhere that OSS is deprecated, or on its way to be. (And JACK is not widely installed, apart from specific applications (audio work).) * Then, I picked the alsaaudio library (http://pyalsaaudio.sourceforge.net/). I don't remember exactly why. I think the project had the most recent updates. I don't think any project claims to be (let alone aims at being) complete. I'm wondering if I made a sensible choice. There are other libraries, including the following two that are platform independent : * PyAudiere (http://pyaudiere.org/), OSS , not packaged for debian * PyAudio (http://people.csail.mit.edu/hubert/pyaudio/) What solution would you recommend ? Are there other criterions I should take into account ? Thanks. I made a similar survey of available libraries recently. I'm interested in MIDI also, though, primarily on mac. There doesn't seem to be any definitive audio library for linux, although several, (jack, oss, alsa), exist. (My impression is similar to yours, OSS is obsolete. Jack may be the better library technically, but is not as widely ported or available as ALSA.) There is a definitive library for both audio and MIDI on mac - core audio. There really aren't any competitors. There is also a definitive library for windows, although I don't use windows. It's the open source one with low latency that everyone in the professional world uses to replace windows because, (surprise!), windows isn't capable of coping. I have found python libraries for each of these, although some are very low level libraries, basically just wrapping something even lower. If anyone has done an integrated "full solution" for linux or mac, I didn't find it. The closest I found was PortMIDI and PortAudio which appear to have ports for all three platforms as well as one or two sets of python bindings and seem to be high enough level to be both useful and productive. The hard part there is that PortMIDI and PortAudio come in source, which requires a bit of hunting to track down prerequisites, etc. Please keep us posted as I'm chasing a similar problem. --rich -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: Generating sin/square waves sound
On 12/29/11 23:17 , Paulo da Silva wrote: Hi, Sorry if this is a FAQ, but I have googled and didn't find any satisfatory answer. Is there a simple way, preferably multiplataform (or linux), of generating sinusoidal/square waves sound in python? Thanks for any answers/suggestions. I just posted on this elsewhere. Look for a thread titled: "Which library for audio playback ?" --rich -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
InvalidResponseError: headers must be str
I'm upgrading from python 2.5 to python 2.7 and then I'm starting to get this
error:
InvalidResponseError: headers must be str
I think it is because somewhere my HTTP headers are cast to unicode instead of
string but I can't find where in the code? The example code I'm trying to
upgrade to python 2.7 is
https://github.com/supernifty/gae-paypal-online-market-example
class Pay( object ):
def __init__( self, amount, return_url, cancel_url, remote_address,
secondary_receiver=None, ipn_url=None, shipping=False ):
headers = {
'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-USERID': str(settings.PAYPAL_USERID),
'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-PASSWORD': str(settings.PAYPAL_PASSWORD),
'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-SIGNATURE': str(settings.PAYPAL_SIGNATURE),
'X-PAYPAL-REQUEST-DATA-FORMAT': str('JSON'),
'X-PAYPAL-RESPONSE-DATA-FORMAT': str('JSON'),
'X-PAYPAL-APPLICATION-ID': str(settings.PAYPAL_APPLICATION_ID),
'X-PAYPAL-DEVICE-IPADDRESS': str(remote_address),
}
data = {
'currencyCode': 'USD',
'returnUrl': return_url,
'cancelUrl': cancel_url,
'requestEnvelope': { 'errorLanguage': 'en_US' },
}
if shipping:
data['actionType'] = 'CREATE'
else:
data['actionType'] = 'PAY'
if secondary_receiver == None: # simple payment
data['receiverList'] = { 'receiver': [ { 'email': settings.PAYPAL_EMAIL,
'amount': '%f' % amount } ] }
else: # chained
commission = amount * settings.PAYPAL_COMMISSION
data['receiverList'] = { 'receiver': [
{ 'email': settings.PAYPAL_EMAIL, 'amount': '%0.2f' % amount,
'primary': 'true' },
{ 'email': secondary_receiver, 'amount': '%0.2f' % ( amount -
commission ), 'primary': 'false' },
]
}
if ipn_url != None:
data['ipnNotificationUrl'] = str(ipn_url)
self.raw_request = json.dumps(data)
#request = urllib2.Request( "%s%s" % ( settings.PAYPAL_ENDPOINT, "Pay" ),
data=self.raw_request, headers=headers )
#self.raw_response = urllib2.urlopen( request ).read()
self.raw_response = url_request( "%s%s" % ( str(settings.PAYPAL_ENDPOINT),
str("Pay") ), data=self.raw_request, headers=headers ).content()
logging.info( "response was: %s" % self.raw_response )
self.response = json.loads( str(self.raw_response) )
--
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dict_to_xml
Hello All, I have a dictionary object I would like to convert to xml. Could some assist with the link to libs to use? Or good examples. Regards, Janus -- *Satajanus Nig. Ltd * -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
Re: InvalidResponseError: headers must be str
On Fri, 30 Dec 2011 20:58:10 -0800, Niklas Rosencrantz wrote:
> I'm upgrading from python 2.5 to python 2.7 and then I'm starting to get
> this error:
>
> InvalidResponseError: headers must be str
Please show the ENTIRE traceback, not just the error message. The
traceback is very informative: it shows the actual line of code that
causes the problem, plus the entire sequence of calls that lead to it.
The error message on its own is almost useless.
Please COPY AND PASTE the traceback, do not re-type it from memory,
summarize it, simplify it, or otherwise change it in any way.
> I think it is because somewhere my HTTP headers are cast to unicode
Why do you think that?
> instead of string but I can't find where in the code?
Have you tried searching for any of these?
- direct calls to unicode()
- unicode literals u"..."
- calls to the decode method some_string.decode( ... )
> The example code
> I'm trying to upgrade to python 2.7 is
> https://github.com/supernifty/gae-paypal-online-market-example
>
> class Pay( object ):
> def __init__( self, amount, return_url, cancel_url, remote_address,
> secondary_receiver=None, ipn_url=None, shipping=False ):
> headers = {
> 'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-USERID': str(settings.PAYPAL_USERID),
> 'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-PASSWORD': str(settings.PAYPAL_PASSWORD),
> 'X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-SIGNATURE': str(settings.PAYPAL_SIGNATURE),
> 'X-PAYPAL-REQUEST-DATA-FORMAT': str('JSON'),
> 'X-PAYPAL-RESPONSE-DATA-FORMAT': str('JSON'),
> 'X-PAYPAL-APPLICATION-ID': str(settings.PAYPAL_APPLICATION_ID),
> 'X-PAYPAL-DEVICE-IPADDRESS': str(remote_address),
> }
'JSON' is already a string. Calling str() on it is a waste of time.
What values do the various settings.* have? If they are already strings,
calling str() again is a waste of time. I see you do this all through
your class, needlessly calling str() on strings.
--
Steven
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