Partitioning, Identity and Uniqueness (given pg 16 changes)

[Darryl Green]

Hi,
I have a table that is capturing what is, basically, time series data. We
use identity column as primary key.

I'm considering the potential to partition it by the "source" of the time
series (100s .. 1000s of sources) as often (but not always) use of this
table is to get the time series for one source.
I note that in Postgresql 16 identity column handling in partitioned tables
has been aligned to the view that the partitioned table as a whole is a
single relation (and so a unique identity across partitions). This makes
sense.
Now, I want to partition but not by that identity column. But I have to
include the identity in the partitioning key (if I have it as the pk) so
that the uniqueness can be checked. But - using a (shared across all
partition tables) identity sequence should be enough to ensure uniqueness
without this.

Currently I need to define my partitioned table as something like

#create table tpart (id int generated always as identity not null, src int,
data varchar) partition by hash(src);
#create table t_p001 partition of tpart for values with (modulus 32,
remainder 0) primary key id;
#create table t_p002 partition of tpart for values with (modulus 32,
remainder 1) primary key id;
#...
#create table t_p031 partition of tpart for values with (modulus 32,
remainder 31) primary key id;

Note there is no pk on the partitioned table, but the (in practice unique
across all partitions) id identity column is pk of each / every partition.

The src column is not indexed at all in this example (it could be of
course, but one of the things we are trying to get out of this is high
insert performance for concurrent inserts from multiple venues).

Two things:

1) Is my attempt to improve performance of insert AND (as the number of
sources goes up, as it has) querying which is invariably by id but it is
easy to include "and src = x" in the majority of usage (the other common
case is to query across all sources, asking for a set is unusual) a
reasonable approach?

2) It would be nice to be able to specify the id as pk on the table being
partitioned (as it was in the non-partitioned definition of the table) once
to document and enforce that the partitions simply inherit the id pk. This
would seem only to need the "partition by" validation to allow a column not
mentioned in partition by clause to be defined as pk or unique if and only
if the pk/unique column is an identity column. Not a big deal but is this
practical/valid?

Thanks
Darryl.

Re: Partitioning, Identity and Uniqueness (given pg 16 changes)

[Darryl Green]

On Mon, 19 Feb 2024 at 14:23, David Rowley  wrote:
>
> On Mon, 19 Feb 2024 at 16:32, Darryl Green  wrote:
> > 2) It would be nice to be able to specify the id as pk on the table
being partitioned (as it was in the non-partitioned definition of the
table) once to document and enforce that the partitions simply inherit the
id pk. This would seem only to need the "partition by" validation to allow
a column not mentioned in partition by clause to be defined as pk or unique
if and only if the pk/unique column is an identity column. Not a big deal
but is this practical/valid?
>
> Unfortunately, it's not as easy as you think. It's not a matter of
> dropping the check that requires all PRIMARY KEY columns are present
> in the PARTITION BY clause.  For this to work a *single* index (i.e.
> non-partitioned index) would have to index all partitions.

Now that would be bad. And I do understand that is exactly why in the
general case the existing rule is correct. You snipped my specific
usage/question which was about the uniqueness of a column that was
specified as "id int generated always as identity not null"  and relying on
all partitions using the same sequence to populate to guarantee that there
are never(*) duplicates in other partitions.

>  Otherwise,
> how would Postgres ensure that the value being inserted doesn't exist
> in some other partition?

It is, in practice, ensured by the fact that it is ensured that all
partitions are using the same IDENTITY source of (unique) key values.
Yes I realise that even with this it is possible to force a value
OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE and of course by changing constraints over time. I
can imagine this could make some changes expensive.

>
> The problem with a single index is that it kinda defeats the purpose
> of partitioning, i.e., "my table is large and I want to split it up".

Exactly.

But, given that people who know more than I decided to make IDENTITY work
as a "shared" property of partitions (and invested effort to do it) surely
they didn't mean for it to not be used. It can be used in circumstances
where partitioning by the identity makes sense. It can't be used (without
running afoul of this issue) in the case I described. So either I'm "doing
it wrong" - suggestions welcome, or the "work around" I described of
putting the primary key on each partition explicitly is "the right way to
do it". I assume you are implicitly saying - yes it is?

> Operations such as DETACH PARTITION would have to become more than
> just a metadata operation when you consider having to trawl through
> the index and remove all records belonging to a single partition.

Yes. If there was a single index created, this is one way it would be bad.
Which is what the existing "pk or unique column must be in the partitioning
key" rule is about. It allows relaxing the check and hence the index to per
partition as we know because we are partitioning by that column, that we
only need to check that one partition (index).

My question was whether it would be in any way practical to make the
"specification" that there is a unique or pk constraint on a column of a
partitioned table be treated as an instruction to "trust" the uniqueness
guarantee that is implicit in a IDENTITY column that is using a shared
SEQUENCE (as of  the change discussed here) across partitions - so you
don't know which partition a given sequence value will be in (if any) but
you do know it won't be in multiple without, actually, using ANY indexes.
Hence you don't "need" the completely impractical "shared across
partitions" index to enforce uniqueness (well - enforce until someone does
something creative/silly using OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE). One could with yet
more special casing make any such OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE usage enforce the
constraint - but at some considerable expense - this is where you would
have to check every partition (index) to confirm uniqueness.

I guess if you take my argument far enough you arrive at a position of
never creating an implicit index on any column specified as   "id int
generated always as identity unique not null" or similar .. but incurring
the cost of the scan to prove unique in the rare case above - regardless of
partitioning. That wasn't the proposal. Partitioning implies some sort of
tradeoff - this specific one seemed perhaps common enough to support.

>
> It may be possible to still have it work by doing a speculative record
> in the index for the target table then go and check all of the other
> indexes before marking the speculative entry as valid.

It is always valid - except in the OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE case - no?

> I think it
> would be very tricky to make it work well, however.  Imagine how
> expensive ATTACH PARTITION would 

Re: Partitioning, Identity and Uniqueness (given pg 16 changes)

[Darryl Green]

On Mon, 19 Feb 2024 at 17:31, Peter Eisentraut  wrote:
>
> On 19.02.24 04:32, Darryl Green wrote:
> > I note that in Postgresql 16 identity column handling in partitioned
> > tables has been aligned to the view that the partitioned table as a
> > whole is a single relation (and so a unique identity across partitions).
> > This makes sense.
>
> The change that I think you are referring to is in the not-yet-released
> version 17.

Oh! Oops!