You can factor it in any field that contains a square root of two. For 
example, we can construct a suitable number field over QQ:

sage: z = QQ['z'].0
sage: K = NumberField(z^2 - 2,'sqrt2'); K
Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial z^2 - 2

In this number field, you can (somewhat tautologically) factor your 
polynomial:

sage: R.<x> = K[]
sage: (x^2-2).factor()
(x - sqrt2) * (x + sqrt2)


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