If you could carry a magic, gold thread that weighs a microgram and
costs a penny for a hundred of them and would cut the rate of serious
or fatal injuries by 99%, would you do it?  What if it only cut the
injury rate by 1%?  Keep in mind -- it's only a penny per hundred, and
only a microgram.  You could buy a penny's worth and you and 99
friends could tie one to your saddle rails.  Of course you'd carry the
magic thread, even if it only helped a bit.  Now, if it cost a hundred
billion dollars and weighed a ton, you wouldn't carry it even if it
completely eliminated injuries, because you couldn't afford it and you
couldn't ride your bike with it.  Helmets are somewhere in between.
They cost a bit and they weigh a bit.  They also cut the rate of
serious or fatal injuries a bit (conditional on your not doing stupid
things like riding dangerously as if the helmet is a magic talisman
that will prevent all accidents).  Are they worth it?  Depends on the
probability of failure times the cost of the failure.  And how much
that is reduced by wearing a helmet.  Even very low-probability events
are worth spending something to avoid, if they are very costly when
they occur.  E.g., maybe it would have been worth spending a little
more to site nuclear plants further away from the likely path of
tsunamis, even if doing so increases their costs.

Nick

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