On Oct 9, 2015, at 9:38 PM, Omar André Gonzáles Díaz wrote: > David, Boris, so thankfull for your help. Both approaches are very good. I > got this solve with David's help. > > I find very insteresting Bori's for loop. And I need a little help > understanding the regex part on it. > > - The strsplit function: strsplit(ripley.tv$producto[i], "[^A-Z0-9-]+") > > I understand for this: split every row by a sequence of any number or letter > or "-" that appears at leat once (+ operator). > > 1.- What does mena the "^" symbol? If you remove it, just appeare blanks.
Read the section of ?regex on character classes. A leading caret is a negation flag for the rest of the symbols inside the flanking "[]". > 2.- Why is there the necessity of "+" after the closing "]"? Might not be necessary but it means that double or tripled separators get handled as a single split. > > 3.- How this: ripley.tv$id[i] <- v[grep("[A-Z][0-9]", v)] > Identifies also the IDs where "-" is present. Here the regex does not > have the "-" included. <character>-<character> is a range within character classes. > > > Also, I notice that David used the "-" at the begining of the matching: > [-A-Z0-9], without the "^" (stars with) at the beginning. Right. If it's the leading symbol, then "-" is interpreted as a literal rather than a range. -- David. > > I would appreciate a response from you, gentlemen. > > Thanks again. > > > > > > > > > > > > 2015-10-09 18:32 GMT-05:00 David Winsemius <dwinsem...@comcast.net>: > > On Oct 9, 2015, at 4:21 PM, Boris Steipe wrote: > > > I think you are going into the wrong direction here and this is a classical > > example of what we mean by "technical debt" of code. Rather than tell to > > your regular expression what you are looking for, you are handling special > > cases with redundant code. This is ugly, brittle and impossible to maintain. > > > > Respect to you that you have recognized this. > > > > > > The solution is rather simple: > > > > A) Isolate tokens. Your IDs contain only a limited set of characters. Split > > your strings along the characters that are not found in IDs to isolate > > candidate tokens, place them into a vector. > > > > B) Evaluate your tokens: as far as I can see IDs all contain letters AND > > numbers. This is a unique characteristic. Thus it is sufficient to grep for > > a letter/number pair in a token to identify it as an ID. > > > > Should you ever find a need to accommodate differently formed IDs, there > > are only two, well defined places with clearly delegated roles where > > changes might be needed. > > > > Here is the code: > > > > for (i in 1:nrow(ripley.tv)) { > > v <- unlist(strsplit(ripley.tv$producto[i], "[^A-Z0-9-]+")) # isolate > > tokens > > ripley.tv$id[i] <- v[grep("[A-Z][0-9]", v)] # identify IDs and store > > } > > That logic actually simplifies the regex strategy as well: > > sub("(.*[ \n])([-A-Z0-9]{6,12})(.*)", "\\2", > ripley.tv$producto, > ignore.case = T) > > > Almost succeeds, with a few all-character words, but if you require one > number in the middle you get full results: > > sub("(.*[ \n])([-A-Z0-9]{3,6}[0-9][-A-Z0-9]{2,6})(.*)", "\\2", > ripley.tv$producto, > ignore.case = T) > > [1] "48J6400" "40J5300" "TC-40CS600L" "LE28F6600" "LE40K5000N" > [6] "LE32B7000" "LE32K5000N" "LE55B8000" "LE40B8000" "LE24B8000" > [11] "TC-42AS610" "LE50K5000N" "40JU6500" "48JU6500" "50JU6500" > [16] "55JS9000" "55JU6500" "55JU6700" "55JU7500" "65JS9000" > [21] "65JU6500" "65JU7500" "75JU6500" "40LF6350" "42LF6400" > [26] "42LF6450" "49LF6450" "LF6400" "43UF6750" "49UF6750" > [31] "UF6900" "49UF7700" "49UF8500" "55UF7700" "65UF7700" > [36] "55UF8500" "TC-55CX640W" "TC-50CX640W" "70UF7700" "UG8700" > [41] "LF6350" "KDL-50FA95C" "KDL50W805C" "KDL-40R354B" "40J5500" > [46] "50J5500" "32JH4005" "50J5300" "48J5300" "40J6400" > [51] "KDL-32R505C" "KDL-40R555C" "55J6400" "40JH5005" "43LF5410" > [56] "32LF585B" "49LF5900" "KDL-65W855C" "UN48J6500" "LE40F1551" > [61] "TC-32AS600L" "KDL-32R304B" "55EC9300" "LE32W454F" "58UF8300" > [66] "KDL-55W805C" "XBR-49X835C" "XBR-55X855C" "XBR-65X905C" "XBR-75X945C" > [71] "XBR-55X905C" "LC60UE30U" "LC70UE30U" "LC80UE30U" "48J5500" > [76] "79UG8800" "65UF9500" "65UF8500" "55UF9500" "32J4300" > [81] "KDL-48R555C" "55UG8700" "60UF8500" "55LF6500" "32LF550B" > [86] "47LB5610" "TC-50AS600L" "XBR-55X855B" "LC70SQ17U" "XBR-79X905B" > [91] "TC-40A400L" "XBR-70X855B" "55HU8700" "LE40D3142" "TC-42AS650L" > [96] "LC70LE660" "LE58D3140" > > > > > > > > > Cheers, > > Boris > > > > > > > > On Oct 9, 2015, at 5:48 PM, Omar André Gonzáles Díaz > > <oma.gonza...@gmail.com> wrote: > > > >>>>> ripley.tv <- structure(list(id = c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>> NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, > >>>>> NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA), marca = c("SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", > >>>>> "PANASONIC", "HAIER", "HAIER", "HAIER", "HAIER", "HAIER", "HAIER", > >>>>> "HAIER", "PANASONIC", "HAIER", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", > >>>>> "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", > >>>>> "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", > >>>>> "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "PANASONIC", "PANASONIC", > >>>>> "LG", "LG", "LG", "SONY", "SONY", "SONY", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", > >>>>> "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SAMSUNG", "SONY", "SONY", "SAMSUNG", > >>>>> "SAMSUNG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "SONY", "SAMSUNG", "AOC", "PANASONIC", > >>>>> "SONY", "LG", "AOC", "LG", "SONY", "SONY", "SONY", "SONY", "SONY", > >>>>> "SONY", "SHARP", "SHARP", "SHARP", "SAMSUNG", "LG", "LG", "LG", > >>>>> "LG", "SAMSUNG", "SONY", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "LG", "PANASONIC", > >>>>> "SONY", "SHARP", "SONY", "PANASONIC", "SONY", "SAMSUNG", "AOC", > >>>>> "PANASONIC", "SHARP", "AOC"), producto = c("SMART TV LED FHD 48\" 3D > >>>>> 48J6400", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED FHD 40\" 40J5300", "TV LED FULL HD 40'' TC-40CS600L", > >>>>> "TELEVISOR LED LE28F6600 28\"", "SMART TV 40\" HD LE40K5000N", > >>>>> "TV LED HD 32'' LE32B7000", "SMART TV 32'' LE32K5000N", "TV LED FHD > >>> 55\" - > >>>>> LE55B8000", > >>>>> "TV LED LE40B8000 FULL HD 40\"", "TV LE24B8000 LED HD 24\" - NEGRO", > >>>>> "TV LED FULL HD 42'' TC-42AS610", "TELEVISOR LED LE50K5000N 50\"", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED UHD 40\" 40JU6500", "SMART TV ULTRA HD 48'' 48JU6500", > >>>>> "SMART TV 50JU6500 LED UHD 50\" - NEGRO", "SMART TV ULTRA HD 55'' 3D > >>>>> 55JS9000", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED UHD 55\" 55JU6500", "SMART TV ULTRA HD 55'' 55JU6700", > >>>>> "SMART TV CURVO 55JU7500 LED UHD 55\" 3D - NEGRO", "SMART TV ULTRA HD > >>> 65'' > >>>>> 3D 65JS9000", > >>>>> "SMART TV 65JU6500 LED UHD 65\"", "SMART TV ULTRA HD 65'' 65JU7500", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED UHD 75\" 75JU6500", "SMART TV WEB OS 40\" FULL HD > >>> 40LF6350", > >>>>> "SMART TV 3D 42\" FULL HD 42LF6400", "TV LED 42\" FULL HD CINEMA 3D > >>>>> 42LF6450", > >>>>> "TV LED 49\" FULL HD CINEMA 3D 49LF6450", "SMART TV LF6400 49\" FULL HD > >>>>> 3D", > >>>>> "TV 43UF6750 43\" ULTRA HD 4K", "TV 49\" ULTRA HD 4K 49UF6750", > >>>>> "TV LED 49\" ULTRA HD SMART UF6900", "SMART TV 49UF7700 49\" ULTRA HD > >>> 4K", > >>>>> "SMART TV 49UF8500 49\" ULTRA HD 4K 3D", "TV LED 55\" CINEMA 3D SMART > >>> TV > >>>>> 55UF7700", > >>>>> "SMART TV 65UF7700 65\" ULTRA HD 4K", "SMART TV 55UF8500 55\" ULTRA HD > >>> 4K > >>>>> 3D", > >>>>> "TV LED 55\" ULTRA HD 4K SMART TC-55CX640W", "TV LED 50\" ULTRA HD 4K > >>> SMART > >>>>> TC-50CX640W", > >>>>> "SMART TV 70UF7700 3D ULTRA HD 70\"", "TV LED CURVO 65\" ULTRA HD 4K > >>> CINEMA > >>>>> SMART UG8700", > >>>>> "TV LED 60\" FULL HD SMART LF6350", "SMART TV KDL-50FA95C 50\" FULL HD > >>> 3D", > >>>>> "SMART TV KDL50W805C 50\" FULL HD 3D", "TV LED 40\" FULL HD > >>> KDL-40R354B", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED FULL HD 40'' 40J5500", "SMART TV LED FULL HD 50'' > >>> 50J5500", > >>>>> "TV LED HD 32'' 32JH4005", "SMART TV LED FULL HD 50\" 50J5300", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED 48\" FULL HD 48J5300", "SMART TV FULL HD 40'' 3D > >>> 40J6400", > >>>>> "TV LED 32\" HD SMART KDL-32R505C", "TV LED 40\" SMART FULL HD > >>> KDL-40R555C > >>>>> - NEGRO", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED FHD 55\" 3D 55J6400", "TV 40JH5005 LED FHD 40\" - NEGRO", > >>>>> "TV 43\" FULL HD 43LF5410", "SMART TV 32LF585B LED HD 32\" - BLANCO", > >>>>> "TV LED 49\" FULL HD SMART 49LF5900", "SMART TV 65\" FULL HD 3D > >>>>> KDL-65W855C", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED FHD 48\" UN48J6500", "TV LED 40\" FULL HD LE40F1551", > >>>>> "TV LED 32'' SMART HD TC-32AS600L", "TV LED 32'' HD KDL-32R304B", > >>>>> "TV OLED 55\" SMART 3D FULL HD 55EC9300 PLATEADO", "TV LED HD 32'' > >>>>> LE32W454F", > >>>>> "TV LED 58\" ULTRA HD SMART 58UF8300", "TV LED 55\" FULL HD SMART 3D > >>>>> KDL-55W805C", > >>>>> "TV LED 49\" ULTRA HD 4K XBR-49X835C", "TV LED 55\" ULTRA HD 4K > >>>>> XBR-55X855C", > >>>>> "TV LED ULTRA DELGADO 55\" ULTRA HD 4K XBR-65X905C", "TV LED 75\" > >>> ULTRA HD > >>>>> 4K 3D XBR-75X945C", > >>>>> "TV LED ULTRA DELGADO 55\" ULTRA HD 4K XBR-55X905C", "SMART TV LED 60'' > >>>>> ULTRA HD 4K LC60UE30U", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED 70'' ULTRA HD 4K LC70UE30U", "SMART TV LED 80'' ULTRA HD > >>> 4K > >>>>> LC80UE30U", > >>>>> "SMART TV LED FULL HD 48'' 48J5500", "SMART TV CURVO 79UG8800 79\" > >>> ULTRA HD > >>>>> 4K 3D", > >>>>> "SMART TV 65UF9500 65\" ULTRA HD 4K 3D", "SMART TV 65UF8500 65\" ULTRA > >>> HD > >>>>> 4K 3D", > >>>>> "SMART TV 55UF9500 55\" ULTRA HD 4K 3D", "SMART TV LED HD 32\" > >>> 32J4300", > >>>>> "TV LED 48\" SMART FULL HD KDL-48R555C - NEGRO", "SMART TV 55UG8700 > >>> 55\" > >>>>> ULTRA HD 4K 3D", > >>>>> "SMART TV 60UF8500 60\" ULTRA HD 4K 3D", "SMART TV 55LF6500 55\" FULL > >>> HD > >>>>> 3D", > >>>>> "TV 32LF550B 32\" HD", "TV LED 47\" FULL HD 47LB5610", "TV LED FULL HD > >>> 50'' > >>>>> TC-50AS600L", > >>>>> "TV SMART LED 55\" UHD 3D XBR-55X855B", "TV LED FULL HD 4K LC70SQ17U > >>> 70''", > >>>>> "TV LED SMART UHD 79\" XBR-79X905B", "TV LED FULL HD 40'' TC-40A400L", > >>>>> "TV LED SMART UHD 70\" XBR-70X855B", "SMART TV UHD 55'' 3D CURVO > >>> 55HU8700", > >>>>> "TV FULL HD LE40D3142 40\" - NEGRO", "TELEVISOR LED 42\" TC-42AS650L", > >>>>> "SMART TV LCD FHD 70\" LC70LE660", "TV LED FULL HD 58'' LE58D3140" > >>>>> ), pulgadas = c(48L, 40L, 40L, 28L, 40L, 32L, 32L, 55L, 40L, > >>>>> 24L, 42L, 50L, 40L, 48L, 50L, 55L, 55L, 55L, 55L, 65L, 65L, 65L, > >>>>> 75L, 40L, 42L, 42L, 49L, 49L, 43L, 49L, 49L, 49L, 49L, 55L, 65L, > >>>>> 55L, 55L, 50L, 70L, 65L, 60L, 50L, 50L, 40L, 40L, 50L, 32L, 50L, > >>>>> 48L, 40L, 32L, 40L, 55L, 40L, 43L, 32L, 49L, 65L, 48L, 40L, 32L, > >>>>> 32L, 55L, 32L, 58L, 55L, 49L, 55L, 55L, 75L, 55L, 60L, 70L, 80L, > >>>>> 48L, 79L, 65L, 65L, 55L, 32L, 48L, 55L, 60L, 55L, 32L, 47L, 50L, > >>>>> 55L, 70L, 79L, 40L, 70L, 55L, 40L, 42L, 70L, 58L), precio.antes = > >>> c(2799L, > >>>>> 1799L, 1699L, 599L, 1299L, 699L, 999L, 1999L, 999L, 499L, 1899L, > >>>>> 1799L, 2499L, 3999L, 3699L, 10999L, 4299L, 5499L, 6999L, 14999L, > >>>>> 8999L, 9999L, 14599L, 1999L, 2299L, 2299L, 2899L, 2999L, 2299L, > >>>>> 23992L, 3599L, 3799L, 4799L, 4999L, 8499L, 5999L, 4999L, 3999L, > >>>>> 11999L, 10999L, 4399L, 4499L, 3799L, 1399L, 2299L, 2799L, 999L, > >>>>> 2199L, 2299L, 2299L, 1299L, 1699L, 3499L, 1399L, 1549L, 1299L, > >>>>> 2399L, 6499L, 2999L, 999L, 1249L, 999L, 14999L, 799L, 5999L, > >>>>> 4499L, 4999L, 6499L, 12999L, 24999L, 8999L, 5999L, 7599L, 14999L, > >>>>> 2499L, 29999L, 13999L, 9999L, 9699L, 1299L, 2399L, 6999L, 7999L, > >>>>> 3699L, 999L, 1899L, 2999L, 7999L, 8499L, 24999L, 1399L, 13999L, > >>>>> 8499L, 999L, 2599L, 5799L, 2399L), precio.nuevo = c(2299, 1399, > >>>>> 1299, 549, 1099, 629, 799, 1699, 849, 439, 1499, 1549, 1759.2, > >>>>> 2099.3, 2309.3, 7699.3, 2799.3, 3639.3, 4899.3, 10499.3, 5109.3, > >>>>> 6999.3, 10219.3, 1399, 1599, 1599, 2199, 2199, 1299, 23992, 2299, > >>>>> 2299, 2899, 2999, 5999, 3899, 4999, 3999, 8999, 6999, 4099, 3999, > >>>>> 3499, 1299, 1799, 2399, 799, 2199, 1799, 1999, 1199, 1599, 2999, > >>>>> 1199, 1399, 1099, 1999, 5999, 2799, 999, 1199, 949, 7999, 799, > >>>>> 5299, 4299, 3999, 5999, 11999, 23999, 7999, 5699, 7599, 14499, > >>>>> 2399, 29999, 11999, 8999, 7499, 1099, 2199, 6599, 7099, 3599, > >>>>> 899, 1599, 2199, 4999, 6499, 19999, 1399, 9999, 5999, 999, 2599, > >>>>> 5699, 2399), dif.precios = c(500, 400, 400, 50, 200, 70, 200, > >>>>> 300, 150, 60, 400, 250, 739.8, 1899.7, 1389.7, 3299.7, 1499.7, > >>>>> 1859.7, 2099.7, 4499.7, 3889.7, 2999.7, 4379.7, 600, 700, 700, > >>>>> 700, 800, 1000, 0, 1300, 1500, 1900, 2000, 2500, 2100, 0, 0, > >>>>> 3000, 4000, 300, 500, 300, 100, 500, 400, 200, 0, 500, 300, 100, > >>>>> 100, 500, 200, 150, 200, 400, 500, 200, 0, 50, 50, 7000, 0, 700, > >>>>> 200, 1000, 500, 1000, 1000, 1000, 300, 0, 500, 100, 0, 2000, > >>>>> 1000, 2200, 200, 200, 400, 900, 100, 100, 300, 800, 3000, 2000, > >>>>> 5000, 0, 4000, 2500, 0, 0, 100, 0), dif.porcentual = c(17.86, > >>>>> 22.23, 23.54, 8.35, 15.4, 10.01, 20.02, 15.01, 15.02, 12.02, > >>>>> 21.06, 13.9, 29.6, 47.5, 37.57, 30, 34.88, 33.82, 30, 30, 43.22, > >>>>> 30, 30, 30.02, 30.45, 30.45, 24.15, 26.68, 43.5, 0, 36.12, 39.48, > >>>>> 39.59, 40.01, 29.42, 35.01, 0, 0, 25, 36.37, 6.82, 11.11, 7.9, > >>>>> 7.15, 21.75, 14.29, 20.02, 0, 21.75, 13.05, 7.7, 5.89, 14.29, > >>>>> 14.3, 9.68, 15.4, 16.67, 7.69, 6.67, 0, 4, 5.01, 46.67, 0, 11.67, > >>>>> 4.45, 20, 7.69, 7.69, 4, 11.11, 5, 0, 3.33, 4, 0, 14.29, 10, > >>>>> 22.68, 15.4, 8.34, 5.72, 11.25, 2.7, 10.01, 15.8, 26.68, 37.5, > >>>>> 23.53, 20, 0, 28.57, 29.42, 0, 0, 1.72, 0), rangos = c("S/.1500 - > >>> S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - > >>>>> S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "< S/.500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - > >>> S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.500 - > >>> S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.1500 - > >>> S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "S/.2500 - S/.3500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", > >>>>> "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.500 - > >>> S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "> S/.4,500", "S/.3500 - S/.4500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", "S/.1500 - > >>> S/.2500", > >>>>> "S/.1500 - S/.2500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", > >>>>> "S/.500 - S/.1500", "> S/.4,500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.500 - S/.1500", > >>>>> "S/.2500 - S/.3500", "> S/.4,500", "S/.1500 - S/.2500")), .Names = > >>> c("id", > >>>>> "marca", "producto", "pulgadas", "precio.antes", "precio.nuevo", > >>>>> "dif.precios", "dif.porcentual", "rangos"), class = "data.frame", > >>> row.names > >>>>> = c(NA, > >>>>> -97L)) > > > > ______________________________________________ > > R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > David Winsemius > Alameda, CA, USA > > David Winsemius Alameda, CA, USA ______________________________________________ R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.