Thank you so much for this reply, Peter. It helps.

I know this is one way to adjust for covariates. However, if what I want is
to get the 'remaining values' after adjustment. For example, say, 'gene
expression' value is denoted as 'ge', and for each gene, 
ge=a*age+b*sex+c*per_se

My question is: how to get the value of 'per_se' for each gene?

thanks again.

Karena

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