I don't know how to start a Python script from Access, but you could definitely do it the other way around, reading the Access database from Python.
An example:
---
import pyodbc
ODBC_DRIVER = '{Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)}'
connstr = 'DRIVER={0};DBQ={1}'.format(ODBC_DRIVER, 'filename.mdb')
conn = pyodbc.connect(connstr)
cur = conn.cursor()
cur.execute('SELECT * FROM table')
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