On Jan 30, 4:19 am, Michael Torrie <torr...@gmail.com> wrote: > M Kumar wrote: > > but still I am not clear of the execution of the code, when we write or > > execute a piece of python code without defining class, predefined class > > attributes are available (not all but __name__ and __doc__ are available). > > does it mean anything to this topic. Is it necessory to have __module__, > > __dict__ and __bases__ for a class object in python? > > I think you're confused as to what object-oriented means. OO defines > the internals of a language more than a particular programming paradigm. > Obviously python lets you program in a variety of paradigms, including > procedural and event-driven, but it is all very much object-oriented. > So ignore those that say python doesn't force you to use OOP, when in > fact it's unavoidable. It's just that you're not forced to place all > your code in class definitions. You don't need to because your code is > already object-oriented in that you're manipulating objects and their > attributes. > > As others have said, Python is an object-oriented language through and > through, closer to Smalltalk in many ways, the grand-daddy of all OO > languages. > > It appears that you are only really familiar with Java, and that leads > to a number of interesting misconceptions about OO. Java's bizarre OO > requires everything to be in a class, which leads many people to believe > this is what OO should be. In fact Java is a bit odd when it comes to > OO, as there are many things in Java that aren't in fact objects. For > example, primitives are intrinsic types and are not objects. > Furthermore class definitions are not objects either, at least from the > programmer's pov. You can't manipulate them by standard means as you > can in Smalltalk and Python. In Smalltalk and Python a "class" is an > object just as much as an instance of a class is an object which has a > constructor factory method that returns instance objects. Java also has > very strange ways of doing singleton patterns. You have to wrap > singletons in class and define them as "static." I think this was > inherited from C++. > > The most basic object in a python script is the module object which > represents the namespace of the current script. In effect a module > object is a singleton. It has a few attributes, and you can use it to > look up any of the objects it contains, such as functions, objects > (so-called variables), classes, etc. Everything in python is an object. > The statement: > > a = 4 > > defines an integer object "4" and binds a name to it, 'a.' You can even > check to see what methods the object supports by doing: > > >>> dir(4) > > ['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__class__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__', > '__delattr__', '__div__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__float__', > '__floordiv__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__hash__', > '__hex__', '__index__', '__init__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__long__', > '__lshift__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__nonzero__', > '__oct__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', > '__rdiv__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', > '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', > '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', > '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__truediv__', '__xor__'] > > dir(a) would return the same thing. As you can see, all the operators > that can be performed with a number object are defined. This little > exercise alone should show you how much more object-oriented Python is > than Java. > > Python's OO capabilities are really exposed when you start extending > built-in types, or doing meta programming where you dynamically alter > classes (and instance objects) on the fly.
I'm new to Python and also wondering about OOP in Python. I want to justify the above question (is Python Object-Oriented?). Does Python follow the concepts/practices of Encapsulation, Polymorphism and Interface, which are quite familiar to Java programmers? Cheers, Hung -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list
