joao-r-reis commented on code in PR #1946:
URL: 
https://github.com/apache/cassandra-gocql-driver/pull/1946#discussion_r3267933871


##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)

Review Comment:
   If I'm reading this correctly this will ignore the order in which the frames 
come in. If there's already write requests that were appended then we should 
flush first.



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -795,91 +774,14 @@ func (c *Conn) releaseStream(call *callReq) {
        }
 }
 
-func (c *Conn) recvSegment(ctx context.Context) error {
-       var (
-               frame           []byte
-               isSelfContained bool
-               err             error
-       )
-
-       // Read frame based on compression
-       if c.compressor != nil {
-               frame, isSelfContained, err = readCompressedSegment(c.r, 
c.compressor)
-       } else {
-               frame, isSelfContained, err = readUncompressedSegment(c.r)
-       }
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       if isSelfContained {
-               return c.processAllFramesInSegment(ctx, bytes.NewReader(frame))
-       }
-
-       head, err := readHeader(bytes.NewReader(frame), c.headerBuf[:])
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
-       }
-
-       buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, head.length+frameHeadSize))
-       buf.Write(frame)
-
-       // Computing how many bytes of message left to read
-       bytesToRead := head.length - len(frame) + frameHeadSize
-
-       err = c.recvPartialFrames(buf, bytesToRead)
-       if err != nil {
-               return err
+func (c *Conn) maybeSwitchToSegments() {
+       if c.version >= protoVersion5 {
+               // Use segments writter which basically batches multiple frames 
into a single segment before flushing them to the connection.

Review Comment:
   writer*



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.

Review Comment:
   single*



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)

Review Comment:
   Can we not just reuse a single instance of `bytes.Buffer`? If I'm not 
mistaken this slice is only needed until `encodeAndWrite` below



##########
segment_codec.go:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// segment_codec.go

Review Comment:
   license header



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {

Review Comment:
   do we need `writeRequests`? can we not just append to the buffer directly 
when the request comes?



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               // TODO: interesting if compiler optimizes this
+               framesBuf = append(framesBuf, req.data...)
+       }
+
+       err := sw.encodeAndWrite(framesBuf, true)
+       if err != nil {
+               for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+                       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                               n:   0,
+                               err: err,
+                       }
+               }
+               return
+       }
+
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                       n:   len(req.data),
+                       err: nil,
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) reset() {
+       sw.writeRequests = nil
+       sw.totalFramesLength = 0
+}
+
+// Encodes a big frame which size is larger than maxSegmentPayloadSize
+// into multiple non self-contained segments and flushes them immediately
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushBigFrameImmediately(req writeRequest) {
+       // Calculate the number of segment the frame will be split into
+       segmentsCount := 0
+       frame := req.data
+       frameLength := len(frame)
+       exactFit := frameLength%maxSegmentPayloadSize == 0
+       if exactFit {
+               segmentsCount = frameLength / maxSegmentPayloadSize
+       } else {
+               // An extra segment for the remainder of the frame
+               segmentsCount = frameLength/maxSegmentPayloadSize + 1
+       }
+
+       var flushErr error
+
+       for i := 0; i < segmentsCount; i++ {
+               // Calculate the length of the current frame part which will be 
encoded into a segment
+               partialFrameLength := 0
+               if i < segmentsCount-1 || exactFit {
+                       partialFrameLength = maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               } else {
+                       partialFrameLength = frameLength % maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               }
+               err := sw.encodeAndWrite(frame[:partialFrameLength], false)
+               if err != nil {
+                       flushErr = err
+                       break
+               }
+               frame = frame[partialFrameLength:]
+       }
+
+       written := len(req.data)
+       if flushErr != nil {
+               written = 0
+       }
+
+       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+               n:   written,
+               err: flushErr,
+       }
+}
+
+// Encodes a frame into a segment and writes it to the underlying connection
+func (sw *segmentWriter) encodeAndWrite(frame []byte, isSelfContained bool) 
error {
+       segmentBuf, err := sw.segmentCodec.encode(frame, isSelfContained)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       _, err = sw.w.writeContext(context.Background(), segmentBuf)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// segmentReader allows reading segments from the underlying connection.
+// Implements ConnReader interface.
+type segmentReader struct {
+       r ConnReader
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+
+       // Reusable buffer for decoded frames
+       // This buffer might have multiple frames inside if self-contained 
segment is decoded
+       readBufferDecoded bytes.Reader
+       // Reusable buffer for reading frame header
+       frameHeaderBuf [frameHeadSize]byte
+}
+
+func newSegmentReader(r ConnReader, segmentCodec segmentCodec) *segmentReader {
+       return &segmentReader{
+               r:            r,
+               segmentCodec: segmentCodec,
+       }
+}
+
+// why do we have a write method for reader lol

Review Comment:
   `ConnReader` embeds `net.Conn` unfortunately which doesn't make sense. I 
actually tried to find whether `gocql.Conn.Write` is used anywhere and it's 
only used in test code I believe but that's slightly unrelated to this. 
   
   This could definitely be improved as it makes the code harder to read but oh 
well. Maybe you can replace this comment with a TODO about refactoring the code 
to remove the need to embed `net.Conn` in `ConnReader` and remove unused 
methods like `gocql.Conn.Write()`



##########
segment_codec.go:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+// segment_codec.go
+
+package gocql
+
+import (
+       "encoding/binary"
+       "fmt"
+       "io"
+)
+
+const (
+       maxSegmentPayloadSize = 1<<17 - 1
+
+       compressedHeaderSize   = 5 + crc24Size
+       uncompressedHeaderSize = 3 + crc24Size
+
+       crc24Size = 3
+       crc32Size = 4
+)
+
+// segmentHeader represents the header information of a segment.
+type segmentHeader struct {
+       // payload length is the length of the segment payload
+       payloadLength int
+       // uncompressedPayloadLength is the length of the uncompressed payload 
(only for compressed segments)
+       uncompressedPayloadLength int
+       // indicates whether the segment contains only completed frames
+       isSelfContained bool
+}
+
+func (segment *segmentHeader) String() string {
+       return fmt.Sprintf("segmentHeader(len=%d, uncompressedLen=%d, 
isSelfContained=%v)",
+               segment.payloadLength,
+               segment.uncompressedPayloadLength,
+               segment.isSelfContained)
+}
+
+type segmentCodec struct {
+       compressor Compressor
+       compressed bool
+}
+
+func newSegmentCodec(compressor Compressor) segmentCodec {
+       return segmentCodec{
+               compressed: compressor != nil,
+               compressor: compressor,
+       }
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encode(payload []byte, isSelfContained bool) ([]byte, 
error) {
+       if len(payload) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+               return nil, fmt.Errorf("gocql: payload length (%d) exceeds 
maximum segment size of %d", len(payload), maxSegmentPayloadSize)
+       }
+
+       if sc.compressed {
+               return sc.encodeCompressedSegment(payload, isSelfContained)
+       }
+       return sc.encodeUncompressedSegment(payload, isSelfContained)
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encodeCompressedSegment(payload []byte, 
isSelfContained bool) ([]byte, error) {
+       uncompressedLen := len(payload)
+
+       compressed, err := sc.compressor.AppendCompressed(nil, payload)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, err
+       }
+
+       compressedLen := len(compressed)
+
+       // If compression is not worth it, we should send uncompressed data
+       // following the next logic:
+       if uncompressedLen < compressedLen {
+               compressed = payload
+               compressedLen = uncompressedLen
+               uncompressedLen = 0
+       }
+
+       segmentBuf := make([]byte, compressedHeaderSize+compressedLen+crc32Size)
+
+       sc.encodeCompressedSegmentHeader(compressedLen, uncompressedLen, 
isSelfContained, segmentBuf)
+       sc.encodePayloadAndChecksum(compressed, 
segmentBuf[compressedHeaderSize:])
+
+       return segmentBuf, nil
+}
+
+// encodeCompressedSegmentHeader encodes the compressed segment header into 
the provided destination slice.
+// It assumes that dest has enough space to hold the header.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encodeCompressedSegmentHeader(compressedLen, 
uncompressedLen int, isSelfContained bool, dest []byte) {
+       combined := uint64(compressedLen) | uint64(uncompressedLen)<<17
+       if isSelfContained {
+               combined |= 1 << 34
+       }
+
+       binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(dest[:], combined)
+
+       headerCRC24 := Crc24(dest[:5])
+       dest[5] = byte(headerCRC24)
+       dest[6] = byte(headerCRC24 >> 8)
+       dest[7] = byte(headerCRC24 >> 16)
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encodeUncompressedSegment(payload []byte, 
isSelfContained bool) ([]byte, error) {
+       payloadLen := len(payload)
+
+       segmentBuf := make([]byte, uncompressedHeaderSize+payloadLen+crc32Size)
+
+       sc.encodeUncompressedSegmentHeader(payloadLen, isSelfContained, 
segmentBuf)
+       sc.encodePayloadAndChecksum(payload, 
segmentBuf[uncompressedHeaderSize:])
+
+       return segmentBuf, nil
+}
+
+// encodeUncompressedSegmentHeader encodes the uncompressed segment header 
into the provided destination slice.
+// It assumes that dest has enough space to hold the header.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encodeUncompressedSegmentHeader(payloadLen int, 
isSelfContained bool, dest []byte) {
+       headerInt := uint32(payloadLen)
+       if isSelfContained {
+               headerInt |= 1 << 17
+       }
+
+       dest[0] = byte(headerInt)
+       dest[1] = byte(headerInt >> 8)
+       dest[2] = byte(headerInt >> 16)
+
+       crc := Crc24(dest[:3])
+       dest[3] = byte(crc)
+       dest[4] = byte(crc >> 8)
+       dest[5] = byte(crc >> 16)
+}
+
+// encodePayloadAndChecksum encodes the payload and its CRC32 checksum into 
the provided destination slice.
+// It assumes that dest has enough space to hold the payload and checksum.
+// Starting from dest[0], it writes the payload followed by its CRC32 checksum.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) encodePayloadAndChecksum(payload []byte, dest []byte) {
+       payloadCRC32 := Crc32(payload)
+       copy(dest, payload)
+       binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(dest[len(payload):], payloadCRC32)
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) decode(r io.Reader) ([]byte, bool, error) {
+       if sc.compressed {
+               return sc.decodeCompressedSegment(r)
+       }
+       return sc.decodeUncompressedSegment(r)
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) decodeCompressedSegment(r io.Reader) ([]byte, bool, 
error) {
+       header, err := sc.decodeCompressedSegmentHeader(r)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("gocql: failed to read compressed 
segment header, err: %w", err)
+       }
+
+       compressedPayload, err := sc.decodePayload(r, header)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("gocql: failed to read compressed 
segment payload, err: %w", err)
+       }
+
+       var uncompressedPayload []byte
+       if header.uncompressedPayloadLength > 0 {
+               uncompressedPayload, err = 
sc.compressor.AppendDecompressed(nil, compressedPayload, 
uint32(header.uncompressedPayloadLength))
+               if err != nil {
+                       return nil, false, err
+               }
+               // Verify that the decompressed length matches the expected 
length
+               if uint32(len(uncompressedPayload)) != 
uint32(header.uncompressedPayloadLength) {
+                       return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("gocql: length mismatch 
after payload decompressing, got %d, expected %d", len(uncompressedPayload), 
header.uncompressedPayloadLength)
+               }
+       } else {
+               // in case when the segment was not compressed because 
compression was not worth it
+               uncompressedPayload = compressedPayload
+       }
+
+       return uncompressedPayload, header.isSelfContained, nil
+}
+
+func (sc *segmentCodec) decodeUncompressedSegment(r io.Reader) ([]byte, bool, 
error) {
+       header, err := sc.decodeUncompressedSegmentHeader(r)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("gocql: failed to read 
uncompressed segment header, err: %w", err)
+       }
+
+       payload, err := sc.decodePayload(r, header)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("gocql: failed to read 
uncompressed segment payload, err: %w", err)
+       }
+
+       return payload, header.isSelfContained, nil
+}
+
+// verifySegmentHeaderChecksum verifies the CRC24 checksum of the segment 
header.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) verifySegmentHeaderChecksum(data []byte, expected 
uint32) error {
+       computed := Crc24(data)
+       if computed != expected {
+               return fmt.Errorf("gocql: crc24 mismatch in segment header: 
expected %d, got %d", expected, computed)
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// verifySegmentPayloadChecksum verifies the CRC32 checksum of the segment 
payload.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) verifySegmentPayloadChecksum(data []byte, expected 
uint32) error {
+       computed := Crc32(data)
+       if computed != expected {
+               return fmt.Errorf("gocql: payload crc32 mismatch in segment 
payload: expected %d, got %d", expected, computed)
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// decodeCompressedSegmentHeader reads and verifies the header of a compressed 
segment from the given reader.
+func (sc *segmentCodec) decodeCompressedSegmentHeader(r io.Reader) 
(*segmentHeader, error) {
+       var headerBuf [8]byte // TODO: potentially optimize allocation, could 
be stored in segmentCodec and reused if the codec is a specific for each Conn

Review Comment:
   I agree with the TODO, it's the same with the read and write buffer we can 
just reuse them if each connection has their own.



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               // TODO: interesting if compiler optimizes this
+               framesBuf = append(framesBuf, req.data...)
+       }
+
+       err := sw.encodeAndWrite(framesBuf, true)
+       if err != nil {
+               for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+                       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                               n:   0,
+                               err: err,
+                       }
+               }
+               return
+       }
+
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                       n:   len(req.data),
+                       err: nil,
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) reset() {
+       sw.writeRequests = nil
+       sw.totalFramesLength = 0
+}
+
+// Encodes a big frame which size is larger than maxSegmentPayloadSize
+// into multiple non self-contained segments and flushes them immediately
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushBigFrameImmediately(req writeRequest) {
+       // Calculate the number of segment the frame will be split into
+       segmentsCount := 0
+       frame := req.data
+       frameLength := len(frame)
+       exactFit := frameLength%maxSegmentPayloadSize == 0
+       if exactFit {
+               segmentsCount = frameLength / maxSegmentPayloadSize
+       } else {
+               // An extra segment for the remainder of the frame
+               segmentsCount = frameLength/maxSegmentPayloadSize + 1
+       }
+
+       var flushErr error
+
+       for i := 0; i < segmentsCount; i++ {
+               // Calculate the length of the current frame part which will be 
encoded into a segment
+               partialFrameLength := 0
+               if i < segmentsCount-1 || exactFit {
+                       partialFrameLength = maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               } else {
+                       partialFrameLength = frameLength % maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               }
+               err := sw.encodeAndWrite(frame[:partialFrameLength], false)
+               if err != nil {
+                       flushErr = err
+                       break
+               }
+               frame = frame[partialFrameLength:]
+       }
+
+       written := len(req.data)
+       if flushErr != nil {
+               written = 0
+       }
+
+       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+               n:   written,
+               err: flushErr,
+       }
+}
+
+// Encodes a frame into a segment and writes it to the underlying connection
+func (sw *segmentWriter) encodeAndWrite(frame []byte, isSelfContained bool) 
error {
+       segmentBuf, err := sw.segmentCodec.encode(frame, isSelfContained)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       _, err = sw.w.writeContext(context.Background(), segmentBuf)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// segmentReader allows reading segments from the underlying connection.
+// Implements ConnReader interface.
+type segmentReader struct {
+       r ConnReader
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+
+       // Reusable buffer for decoded frames
+       // This buffer might have multiple frames inside if self-contained 
segment is decoded
+       readBufferDecoded bytes.Reader
+       // Reusable buffer for reading frame header
+       frameHeaderBuf [frameHeadSize]byte
+}
+
+func newSegmentReader(r ConnReader, segmentCodec segmentCodec) *segmentReader {
+       return &segmentReader{
+               r:            r,
+               segmentCodec: segmentCodec,
+       }
+}
+
+// why do we have a write method for reader lol
+func (sr *segmentReader) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       return sr.r.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Close() error {
+       return sr.r.Close()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.RemoteAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetReadDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
+       sr.r.SetTimeout(timeout)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) GetTimeout() time.Duration {
+       return sr.r.GetTimeout()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       // If we don't have a read buffer, or it's empty, read the first 
segment.
+       // If we have read all the frames from the current segment, read the 
next segment.
+       // If segment is non self-container, it will read all segments and read 
buffer will hold the full frame.
+       if sr.readBufferDecoded.Len() == 0 {
+               err = sr.readSegment()
+               if err != nil {
+                       return 0, err
+               }
+       }
+
+       return sr.readBufferDecoded.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) readSegment() error {
+       segment, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+       if err != nil {
+               // TODO: does only network related errors should result in 
connection closure?
+               // var verr net.Error
+               // if errors.As(err, &verr) {
+               //      return nil, false, verr
+               // }
+               return err
+       }
+
+       if isSelfContained {
+               // Reset the buffer to the new segment
+               // It might contain multiple frames so Read should be called 
mutiple times to read all of them
+               sr.readBufferDecoded.Reset(segment)
+               return nil
+       }
+
+       frame, err := sr.readNonSelfContainedSegment(segment)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+
+       // Contains a single frame so we can read it all at once
+       sr.readBufferDecoded.Reset(frame)
+       return nil
+}
+
+// Non self-contained segment contains only part of a bigger frame that is 
split into multiple segments.
+// Calling it results in a full frame being read into a single buffer.
+func (sr *segmentReader) readNonSelfContainedSegment(segment []byte) ([]byte, 
error) {
+       frameHeader, err := readHeader(bytes.NewBuffer(segment), 
sr.frameHeaderBuf[:])
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, err
+       }
+
+       // Allocate a buffer to read the rest of the segment into
+       buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 
frameHeader.length+frameHeadSize))
+       buf.Write(segment)
+
+       // Computing how many bytes of message left to read
+       // len(segment) is the length of the first frame we already read
+       bytesToRead := frameHeader.length - len(segment) + frameHeadSize
+       err = sr.readPartialFrames(buf, bytesToRead)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, err
+       }
+
+       return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// Reads parts of a bigger frame that is split into multiple segments into a 
single buffer.
+// bytesToRead is the number of bytes left to read from the frame.
+// Called by readNonSelfContainedSegment.
+func (sr *segmentReader) readPartialFrames(dstBuf *bytes.Buffer, bytesToRead 
int) error {
+       for bytesToRead > 0 {
+               frame, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
+               // Expected to receive only non self-contained segments
+               if isSelfContained {
+                       return errUnexpectedSelfcontainedSegment
+               }
+               if totalLength := dstBuf.Len() + len(frame); totalLength > 
dstBuf.Cap() {
+                       return fmt.Errorf("gocql: expected partial frame of 
length %d, got %d", dstBuf.Cap(), totalLength)
+               }
+               n, _ := dstBuf.Write(frame)
+               bytesToRead -= n
+       }
+
+       if bytesToRead < 0 {
+               // This should never happen actually
+               panic("gocql: something went wrong while reading partial 
frames")

Review Comment:
   We can return an error here just in case. It would lead to the connection 
closing instead of crashing the application which is better imo.



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               // TODO: interesting if compiler optimizes this
+               framesBuf = append(framesBuf, req.data...)
+       }
+
+       err := sw.encodeAndWrite(framesBuf, true)
+       if err != nil {
+               for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+                       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                               n:   0,
+                               err: err,
+                       }
+               }
+               return
+       }
+
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                       n:   len(req.data),
+                       err: nil,
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) reset() {
+       sw.writeRequests = nil
+       sw.totalFramesLength = 0
+}
+
+// Encodes a big frame which size is larger than maxSegmentPayloadSize
+// into multiple non self-contained segments and flushes them immediately
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushBigFrameImmediately(req writeRequest) {
+       // Calculate the number of segment the frame will be split into
+       segmentsCount := 0
+       frame := req.data
+       frameLength := len(frame)
+       exactFit := frameLength%maxSegmentPayloadSize == 0
+       if exactFit {
+               segmentsCount = frameLength / maxSegmentPayloadSize
+       } else {
+               // An extra segment for the remainder of the frame
+               segmentsCount = frameLength/maxSegmentPayloadSize + 1
+       }
+
+       var flushErr error
+
+       for i := 0; i < segmentsCount; i++ {
+               // Calculate the length of the current frame part which will be 
encoded into a segment
+               partialFrameLength := 0
+               if i < segmentsCount-1 || exactFit {
+                       partialFrameLength = maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               } else {
+                       partialFrameLength = frameLength % maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               }
+               err := sw.encodeAndWrite(frame[:partialFrameLength], false)
+               if err != nil {
+                       flushErr = err
+                       break
+               }
+               frame = frame[partialFrameLength:]
+       }
+
+       written := len(req.data)
+       if flushErr != nil {
+               written = 0
+       }
+
+       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+               n:   written,
+               err: flushErr,
+       }
+}
+
+// Encodes a frame into a segment and writes it to the underlying connection
+func (sw *segmentWriter) encodeAndWrite(frame []byte, isSelfContained bool) 
error {
+       segmentBuf, err := sw.segmentCodec.encode(frame, isSelfContained)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       _, err = sw.w.writeContext(context.Background(), segmentBuf)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// segmentReader allows reading segments from the underlying connection.
+// Implements ConnReader interface.
+type segmentReader struct {
+       r ConnReader
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+
+       // Reusable buffer for decoded frames
+       // This buffer might have multiple frames inside if self-contained 
segment is decoded
+       readBufferDecoded bytes.Reader
+       // Reusable buffer for reading frame header
+       frameHeaderBuf [frameHeadSize]byte
+}
+
+func newSegmentReader(r ConnReader, segmentCodec segmentCodec) *segmentReader {
+       return &segmentReader{
+               r:            r,
+               segmentCodec: segmentCodec,
+       }
+}
+
+// why do we have a write method for reader lol
+func (sr *segmentReader) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       return sr.r.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Close() error {
+       return sr.r.Close()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.RemoteAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetReadDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
+       sr.r.SetTimeout(timeout)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) GetTimeout() time.Duration {
+       return sr.r.GetTimeout()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       // If we don't have a read buffer, or it's empty, read the first 
segment.
+       // If we have read all the frames from the current segment, read the 
next segment.
+       // If segment is non self-container, it will read all segments and read 
buffer will hold the full frame.
+       if sr.readBufferDecoded.Len() == 0 {
+               err = sr.readSegment()
+               if err != nil {
+                       return 0, err
+               }
+       }
+
+       return sr.readBufferDecoded.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) readSegment() error {
+       segment, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+       if err != nil {
+               // TODO: does only network related errors should result in 
connection closure?
+               // var verr net.Error
+               // if errors.As(err, &verr) {
+               //      return nil, false, verr
+               // }
+               return err
+       }
+
+       if isSelfContained {
+               // Reset the buffer to the new segment
+               // It might contain multiple frames so Read should be called 
mutiple times to read all of them

Review Comment:
   multiple*



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               // TODO: interesting if compiler optimizes this
+               framesBuf = append(framesBuf, req.data...)
+       }
+
+       err := sw.encodeAndWrite(framesBuf, true)
+       if err != nil {
+               for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+                       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                               n:   0,
+                               err: err,
+                       }
+               }
+               return
+       }
+
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                       n:   len(req.data),
+                       err: nil,
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) reset() {
+       sw.writeRequests = nil
+       sw.totalFramesLength = 0
+}
+
+// Encodes a big frame which size is larger than maxSegmentPayloadSize
+// into multiple non self-contained segments and flushes them immediately
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushBigFrameImmediately(req writeRequest) {
+       // Calculate the number of segment the frame will be split into
+       segmentsCount := 0
+       frame := req.data
+       frameLength := len(frame)
+       exactFit := frameLength%maxSegmentPayloadSize == 0
+       if exactFit {
+               segmentsCount = frameLength / maxSegmentPayloadSize
+       } else {
+               // An extra segment for the remainder of the frame
+               segmentsCount = frameLength/maxSegmentPayloadSize + 1
+       }
+
+       var flushErr error
+
+       for i := 0; i < segmentsCount; i++ {
+               // Calculate the length of the current frame part which will be 
encoded into a segment
+               partialFrameLength := 0
+               if i < segmentsCount-1 || exactFit {
+                       partialFrameLength = maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               } else {
+                       partialFrameLength = frameLength % maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               }
+               err := sw.encodeAndWrite(frame[:partialFrameLength], false)
+               if err != nil {
+                       flushErr = err
+                       break
+               }
+               frame = frame[partialFrameLength:]
+       }
+
+       written := len(req.data)
+       if flushErr != nil {
+               written = 0
+       }
+
+       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+               n:   written,
+               err: flushErr,
+       }
+}
+
+// Encodes a frame into a segment and writes it to the underlying connection
+func (sw *segmentWriter) encodeAndWrite(frame []byte, isSelfContained bool) 
error {
+       segmentBuf, err := sw.segmentCodec.encode(frame, isSelfContained)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       _, err = sw.w.writeContext(context.Background(), segmentBuf)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// segmentReader allows reading segments from the underlying connection.
+// Implements ConnReader interface.
+type segmentReader struct {
+       r ConnReader
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+
+       // Reusable buffer for decoded frames
+       // This buffer might have multiple frames inside if self-contained 
segment is decoded
+       readBufferDecoded bytes.Reader
+       // Reusable buffer for reading frame header
+       frameHeaderBuf [frameHeadSize]byte
+}
+
+func newSegmentReader(r ConnReader, segmentCodec segmentCodec) *segmentReader {
+       return &segmentReader{
+               r:            r,
+               segmentCodec: segmentCodec,
+       }
+}
+
+// why do we have a write method for reader lol
+func (sr *segmentReader) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       return sr.r.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Close() error {
+       return sr.r.Close()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.RemoteAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetReadDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
+       sr.r.SetTimeout(timeout)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) GetTimeout() time.Duration {
+       return sr.r.GetTimeout()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       // If we don't have a read buffer, or it's empty, read the first 
segment.
+       // If we have read all the frames from the current segment, read the 
next segment.
+       // If segment is non self-container, it will read all segments and read 
buffer will hold the full frame.
+       if sr.readBufferDecoded.Len() == 0 {
+               err = sr.readSegment()
+               if err != nil {
+                       return 0, err
+               }
+       }
+
+       return sr.readBufferDecoded.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) readSegment() error {
+       segment, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+       if err != nil {
+               // TODO: does only network related errors should result in 
connection closure?
+               // var verr net.Error
+               // if errors.As(err, &verr) {
+               //      return nil, false, verr
+               // }

Review Comment:
   This TODO needs to be addressed. Personally I think it's fine to close the 
connection when the driver fails to encode/decode something here because it's 
either an error on the decode/encode code and most likely a driver bug or it's 
a connection error. A connection error should lead to connection closure and 
the encode/decode error should never happen so I don't see a lot of benefit in 
trying to handle it.



##########
conn.go:
##########
@@ -2047,6 +1937,343 @@ func (c *Conn) awaitSchemaAgreementWithTimeout(ctx 
context.Context, timeout time
        return fmt.Errorf("gocql: cluster schema versions not consistent: %+v", 
schemas)
 }
 
+// segmentWriter allows batching multiple frames into a signle segment before 
flushing them to the connection.
+type segmentWriter struct {
+       w    contextWriter
+       quit <-chan struct{}
+
+       // Holds write requests for the current segment.
+       writeRequests     []writeRequest
+       totalFramesLength int
+       writeCh           chan writeRequest
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+}
+
+func newSegmentWriter(w contextWriter, writeInterval time.Duration, quit 
<-chan struct{}, compressor Compressor) *segmentWriter {
+       sw := &segmentWriter{
+               w:            w,
+               quit:         quit,
+               writeCh:      make(chan writeRequest),
+               segmentCodec: newSegmentCodec(compressor),
+       }
+
+       go sw.runFlusher(writeInterval)
+
+       return sw
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) writeContext(ctx context.Context, frame []byte) (int, 
error) {
+       resultChan := make(chan writeResult, 1)
+       req := writeRequest{
+               resultChan: resultChan,
+               data:       frame,
+       }
+
+       select {
+       case <-ctx.Done():
+               return 0, ctx.Err()
+       case <-sw.quit:
+               return 0, ErrConnectionClosed
+       case sw.writeCh <- req:
+               // Enqueued for writing
+       }
+
+       result := <-resultChan
+       return result.n, result.err
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) runFlusher(interval time.Duration) {
+       timer := time.NewTimer(interval)
+       defer timer.Stop()
+
+       if !timer.Stop() {
+               <-timer.C
+       }
+
+       // Indicates whether the flush timer is running
+       running := false
+
+       for {
+               select {
+               case <-sw.quit:
+                       return
+               case req := <-sw.writeCh:
+                       frame := req.data
+                       if len(frame) > maxSegmentPayloadSize {
+                               sw.flushBigFrameImmediately(req)
+                       } else if sw.fitsSegment(frame) {
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               if !running {
+                                       running = true
+                                       timer.Reset(interval)
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               // Frame doesn't fit into current segment,
+                               // so we need to flush the current one and 
start a new one
+                               sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                               sw.reset()
+                               sw.appendWriteRequest(req)
+                               timer.Reset(interval)
+                       }
+               case <-timer.C:
+                       running = false
+                       sw.flushCurrentSegment()
+                       sw.reset()
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) appendWriteRequest(req writeRequest) {
+       sw.writeRequests = append(sw.writeRequests, req)
+       sw.totalFramesLength += len(req.data)
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) fitsSegment(frame []byte) bool {
+       return sw.totalFramesLength+len(frame) <= maxSegmentPayloadSize
+}
+
+// Flushes the current segment and writes the results to the result listeners.
+// Should be called before resetting the segment writer.
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushCurrentSegment() {
+       framesBuf := make([]byte, 0, sw.totalFramesLength)
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               // TODO: interesting if compiler optimizes this
+               framesBuf = append(framesBuf, req.data...)
+       }
+
+       err := sw.encodeAndWrite(framesBuf, true)
+       if err != nil {
+               for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+                       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                               n:   0,
+                               err: err,
+                       }
+               }
+               return
+       }
+
+       for _, req := range sw.writeRequests {
+               req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+                       n:   len(req.data),
+                       err: nil,
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+func (sw *segmentWriter) reset() {
+       sw.writeRequests = nil
+       sw.totalFramesLength = 0
+}
+
+// Encodes a big frame which size is larger than maxSegmentPayloadSize
+// into multiple non self-contained segments and flushes them immediately
+func (sw *segmentWriter) flushBigFrameImmediately(req writeRequest) {
+       // Calculate the number of segment the frame will be split into
+       segmentsCount := 0
+       frame := req.data
+       frameLength := len(frame)
+       exactFit := frameLength%maxSegmentPayloadSize == 0
+       if exactFit {
+               segmentsCount = frameLength / maxSegmentPayloadSize
+       } else {
+               // An extra segment for the remainder of the frame
+               segmentsCount = frameLength/maxSegmentPayloadSize + 1
+       }
+
+       var flushErr error
+
+       for i := 0; i < segmentsCount; i++ {
+               // Calculate the length of the current frame part which will be 
encoded into a segment
+               partialFrameLength := 0
+               if i < segmentsCount-1 || exactFit {
+                       partialFrameLength = maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               } else {
+                       partialFrameLength = frameLength % maxSegmentPayloadSize
+               }
+               err := sw.encodeAndWrite(frame[:partialFrameLength], false)
+               if err != nil {
+                       flushErr = err
+                       break
+               }
+               frame = frame[partialFrameLength:]
+       }
+
+       written := len(req.data)
+       if flushErr != nil {
+               written = 0
+       }
+
+       req.resultChan <- writeResult{
+               n:   written,
+               err: flushErr,
+       }
+}
+
+// Encodes a frame into a segment and writes it to the underlying connection
+func (sw *segmentWriter) encodeAndWrite(frame []byte, isSelfContained bool) 
error {
+       segmentBuf, err := sw.segmentCodec.encode(frame, isSelfContained)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       _, err = sw.w.writeContext(context.Background(), segmentBuf)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+       return nil
+}
+
+// segmentReader allows reading segments from the underlying connection.
+// Implements ConnReader interface.
+type segmentReader struct {
+       r ConnReader
+
+       segmentCodec segmentCodec
+
+       // Reusable buffer for decoded frames
+       // This buffer might have multiple frames inside if self-contained 
segment is decoded
+       readBufferDecoded bytes.Reader
+       // Reusable buffer for reading frame header
+       frameHeaderBuf [frameHeadSize]byte
+}
+
+func newSegmentReader(r ConnReader, segmentCodec segmentCodec) *segmentReader {
+       return &segmentReader{
+               r:            r,
+               segmentCodec: segmentCodec,
+       }
+}
+
+// why do we have a write method for reader lol
+func (sr *segmentReader) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       return sr.r.Write(b)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Close() error {
+       return sr.r.Close()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
+       return sr.r.RemoteAddr()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetReadDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+       return sr.r.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) SetTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
+       sr.r.SetTimeout(timeout)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) GetTimeout() time.Duration {
+       return sr.r.GetTimeout()
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+       // If we don't have a read buffer, or it's empty, read the first 
segment.
+       // If we have read all the frames from the current segment, read the 
next segment.
+       // If segment is non self-container, it will read all segments and read 
buffer will hold the full frame.
+       if sr.readBufferDecoded.Len() == 0 {
+               err = sr.readSegment()
+               if err != nil {
+                       return 0, err
+               }
+       }
+
+       return sr.readBufferDecoded.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (sr *segmentReader) readSegment() error {
+       segment, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+       if err != nil {
+               // TODO: does only network related errors should result in 
connection closure?
+               // var verr net.Error
+               // if errors.As(err, &verr) {
+               //      return nil, false, verr
+               // }
+               return err
+       }
+
+       if isSelfContained {
+               // Reset the buffer to the new segment
+               // It might contain multiple frames so Read should be called 
mutiple times to read all of them
+               sr.readBufferDecoded.Reset(segment)
+               return nil
+       }
+
+       frame, err := sr.readNonSelfContainedSegment(segment)
+       if err != nil {
+               return err
+       }
+
+       // Contains a single frame so we can read it all at once
+       sr.readBufferDecoded.Reset(frame)
+       return nil
+}
+
+// Non self-contained segment contains only part of a bigger frame that is 
split into multiple segments.
+// Calling it results in a full frame being read into a single buffer.
+func (sr *segmentReader) readNonSelfContainedSegment(segment []byte) ([]byte, 
error) {
+       frameHeader, err := readHeader(bytes.NewBuffer(segment), 
sr.frameHeaderBuf[:])
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, err
+       }
+
+       // Allocate a buffer to read the rest of the segment into
+       buf := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 
frameHeader.length+frameHeadSize))
+       buf.Write(segment)
+
+       // Computing how many bytes of message left to read
+       // len(segment) is the length of the first frame we already read
+       bytesToRead := frameHeader.length - len(segment) + frameHeadSize
+       err = sr.readPartialFrames(buf, bytesToRead)
+       if err != nil {
+               return nil, err
+       }
+
+       return buf.Bytes(), nil
+}
+
+// Reads parts of a bigger frame that is split into multiple segments into a 
single buffer.
+// bytesToRead is the number of bytes left to read from the frame.
+// Called by readNonSelfContainedSegment.
+func (sr *segmentReader) readPartialFrames(dstBuf *bytes.Buffer, bytesToRead 
int) error {
+       for bytesToRead > 0 {
+               frame, isSelfContained, err := sr.segmentCodec.decode(sr.r)
+               if err != nil {
+                       return err
+               }
+               // Expected to receive only non self-contained segments
+               if isSelfContained {
+                       return errUnexpectedSelfcontainedSegment

Review Comment:
   errUnexpectedSelfContainedSegment*
   also why does this one deserve an actual error type and not the other errors?



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