This is a nice article: What Every Programmer Absolutely, Positively Needs to Know About Encodings and Character Sets to Work With Text
http://kunststube.net/encoding/ Which refers to this well known article: The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets (No Excuses!) http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html Sven PS: in Pharo, the first part of this draft might help too: Character Encoding and Resource Meta Description http://stfx.eu/EnterprisePharo/Zinc-Encoding-Meta/ A newer version will be part of the upcoming book.