hi. there.

new patch attached.
v13-00001 is from
https://postgr.es/m/fbc63db8-94de-45f6-b327-504566302...@app.fastmail.com
just refactoring copy format.
The author is Joel Jacobson!

v13-0002, v13-0003 almost the same as previously v12.
some minor change compared to v12:
* refactor code, based on v13-0001. instead of a bool in
CopyFormatOptions-> json_mode

now we use
typedef enum CopyFormat
{
    COPY_FORMAT_TEXT = 0,
    COPY_FORMAT_BINARY,
    COPY_FORMAT_CSV,
    COPY_FORMAT_JSON,
} CopyFormat;
to represent the format of the COPY operation.

* make JSON format cannot be used with {default, null, delimiter}
options. and add related tests, documentation.

* add tab_complete
From e866e079eae53b998945f98b637ffe24c571762e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jian he <jian.universal...@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 2024 12:25:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH v13 2/3] introduce json format for COPY TO

json format is only allowed in COPY TO operation.
also cannot be used with {header, default, null, delimiter} options.

discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALvfUkBxTYy5uWPFVwpk_7ii2zgT07t3d-yR_cy4sfrrLU%3Dkcg%40mail.gmail.com
discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6a04628d-0d53-41d9-9e35-5a8dc302c...@joeconway.com
---
 doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml         | 13 +++++--
 src/backend/commands/copy.c        | 29 +++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/copyto.c      | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src/backend/parser/gram.y          |  8 ++++
 src/backend/utils/adt/json.c       |  5 +--
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c     |  2 +-
 src/include/commands/copy.h        |  1 +
 src/include/utils/json.h           |  2 +
 src/test/regress/expected/copy.out | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql      | 41 ++++++++++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 199 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
index 8394402f09..5bf0f38d90 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
@@ -219,10 +219,15 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
       Selects the data format to be read or written:
       <literal>text</literal>,
       <literal>csv</literal> (Comma Separated Values),
+      <literal>json</literal> (JavaScript Object Notation),
       or <literal>binary</literal>.
       The default is <literal>text</literal>.
       See <xref linkend="sql-copy-file-formats"/> below for details.
      </para>
+     <para>
+      The <literal>json</literal> option is allowed only in
+      <command>COPY TO</command>.
+     </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 
@@ -257,7 +262,7 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
       (line) of the file.  The default is a tab character in text format,
       a comma in <literal>CSV</literal> format.
       This must be a single one-byte character.
-      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> format.
+      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> or <literal>json</literal> format.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -271,7 +276,7 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
       string in <literal>CSV</literal> format. You might prefer an
       empty string even in text format for cases where you don't want to
       distinguish nulls from empty strings.
-      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> format.
+      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> or <literal>json</literal> format.
      </para>
 
      <note>
@@ -294,7 +299,7 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
       is found in the input file, the default value of the corresponding column
       will be used.
       This option is allowed only in <command>COPY FROM</command>, and only when
-      not using <literal>binary</literal> format.
+      not using <literal>binary</literal> or <literal>json</literal> format.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
@@ -310,7 +315,7 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
       If this option is set to <literal>MATCH</literal>, the number and names
       of the columns in the header line must match the actual column names of
       the table, in order;  otherwise an error is raised.
-      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> format.
+      This option is not allowed when using <literal>binary</literal> or <literal>json</literal> format.
       The <literal>MATCH</literal> option is only valid for <command>COPY
       FROM</command> commands.
      </para>
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copy.c b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
index b7e819de40..4b8bc87666 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copy.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
@@ -516,6 +516,8 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_CSV;
 			else if (strcmp(fmt, "binary") == 0)
 				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_BINARY;
+			else if (strcmp(fmt, "json") == 0)
+				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_JSON;
 			else
 				ereport(ERROR,
 						(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
@@ -681,16 +683,32 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "DELIMITER")));
 
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && opts_out->delim)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
+				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in JSON mode", "DELIMITER")));
+
 	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->null_print)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "NULL")));
 
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && opts_out->null_print)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in JSON mode", "NULL")));
+
 	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->default_print)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "DEFAULT")));
 
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && opts_out->default_print)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in JSON mode", "DEFAULT")));
+
 	/* Set defaults for omitted options */
 	if (!opts_out->delim)
 		opts_out->delim = opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV ? "," : "\t";
@@ -761,6 +779,11 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "HEADER")));
 
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && opts_out->header_line)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in JSON mode", "HEADER")));
+
 	/* Check quote */
 	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV && opts_out->quote != NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -864,6 +887,12 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 				 errmsg("COPY %s cannot be used with %s", "FREEZE",
 						"COPY TO")));
 
+	/* Check json format  */
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && is_from)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("COPY json mode cannot be used with %s", "COPY FROM")));
+
 	if (opts_out->default_print)
 	{
 		if (!is_from)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
index 03c9d71d34..87709d76be 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "executor/execdesc.h"
 #include "executor/executor.h"
 #include "executor/tuptable.h"
+#include "funcapi.h"
 #include "libpq/libpq.h"
 #include "libpq/pqformat.h"
 #include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "storage/fd.h"
 #include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
+#include "utils/json.h"
 #include "utils/lsyscache.h"
 #include "utils/memutils.h"
 #include "utils/rel.h"
@@ -139,9 +141,20 @@ SendCopyBegin(CopyToState cstate)
 
 	pq_beginmessage(&buf, PqMsg_CopyOutResponse);
 	pq_sendbyte(&buf, format);	/* overall format */
-	pq_sendint16(&buf, natts);
-	for (i = 0; i < natts; i++)
-		pq_sendint16(&buf, format); /* per-column formats */
+	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_JSON)
+	{
+		pq_sendint16(&buf, natts);
+		for (i = 0; i < natts; i++)
+			pq_sendint16(&buf, format); /* per-column formats */
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * JSON format is always one non-binary column
+		 */
+		pq_sendint16(&buf, 1);
+		pq_sendint16(&buf, 0);
+	}
 	pq_endmessage(&buf);
 	cstate->copy_dest = COPY_FRONTEND;
 }
@@ -921,7 +934,7 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 	/* Make sure the tuple is fully deconstructed */
 	slot_getallattrs(slot);
 
-	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_TEXT || cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 	{
 		bool		need_delim = false;
 
@@ -949,7 +962,7 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	else
+	else if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		foreach_int(attnum, cstate->attnumlist)
 		{
@@ -969,6 +982,34 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 			}
 		}
 	}
+	else
+	{
+		Datum		rowdata;
+		StringInfo	result;
+
+		/*
+		 * if COPY TO source data is from a query, not a table (copy the_table
+		 * to stdout), then we need copy CopyToState->TupleDesc->attrs to
+		 * slot->tts_tupleDescriptor->attrs because the slot's TupleDesc->attrs
+		 * may change during query execution, but composite_to_json requires
+		 * correct TupleDesc->attrs for constructing the json keys.
+		 * composite_to_json will iterate each TupleDesc->attrs so no need to
+		 * copy other fields in cstate->queryDesc->tupDesc.
+		*/
+		if(!cstate->rel)
+		{
+			memcpy(TupleDescAttr(slot->tts_tupleDescriptor, 0),
+				TupleDescAttr(cstate->queryDesc->tupDesc, 0),
+				cstate->queryDesc->tupDesc->natts * sizeof(FormData_pg_attribute));
+
+			BlessTupleDesc(slot->tts_tupleDescriptor);
+		}
+		rowdata = ExecFetchSlotHeapTupleDatum(slot);
+		result = makeStringInfo();
+		composite_to_json(rowdata, result, false);
+
+		CopySendData(cstate, result->data, result->len);
+	}
 
 	CopySendEndOfRow(cstate);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/gram.y b/src/backend/parser/gram.y
index 67eb96396a..853532cf7d 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/gram.y
+++ b/src/backend/parser/gram.y
@@ -3457,6 +3457,10 @@ copy_opt_item:
 				{
 					$$ = makeDefElem("format", (Node *) makeString("csv"), @1);
 				}
+			| JSON
+				{
+					$$ = makeDefElem("format", (Node *) makeString("json"), @1);
+				}
 			| HEADER_P
 				{
 					$$ = makeDefElem("header", (Node *) makeBoolean(true), @1);
@@ -3539,6 +3543,10 @@ copy_generic_opt_elem:
 				{
 					$$ = makeDefElem($1, $2, @1);
 				}
+			| FORMAT_LA copy_generic_opt_arg
+			{
+				$$ = makeDefElem("format", $2, @1);
+			}
 		;
 
 copy_generic_opt_arg:
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/json.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/json.c
index 058aade2af..5de9b86a96 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/json.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/json.c
@@ -85,8 +85,6 @@ typedef struct JsonAggState
 	JsonUniqueBuilderState unique_check;
 } JsonAggState;
 
-static void composite_to_json(Datum composite, StringInfo result,
-							  bool use_line_feeds);
 static void array_dim_to_json(StringInfo result, int dim, int ndims, int *dims,
 							  Datum *vals, bool *nulls, int *valcount,
 							  JsonTypeCategory tcategory, Oid outfuncoid,
@@ -516,8 +514,9 @@ array_to_json_internal(Datum array, StringInfo result, bool use_line_feeds)
 
 /*
  * Turn a composite / record into JSON.
+ * Exported so COPY TO can use it.
  */
-static void
+void
 composite_to_json(Datum composite, StringInfo result, bool use_line_feeds)
 {
 	HeapTupleHeader td;
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index fad2277991..48cf854a1d 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -3239,7 +3239,7 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 
 	/* Complete COPY <sth> FROM|TO filename WITH (FORMAT */
 	else if (Matches("COPY|\\copy", MatchAny, "FROM|TO", MatchAny, "WITH", "(", "FORMAT"))
-		COMPLETE_WITH("binary", "csv", "text");
+		COMPLETE_WITH("binary", "csv", "text", "json");
 
 	/* Complete COPY <sth> FROM filename WITH (ON_ERROR */
 	else if (Matches("COPY|\\copy", MatchAny, "FROM|TO", MatchAny, "WITH", "(", "ON_ERROR"))
diff --git a/src/include/commands/copy.h b/src/include/commands/copy.h
index c3d1df267f..076ae59f96 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/copy.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/copy.h
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ typedef enum CopyFormat
 	COPY_FORMAT_TEXT = 0,
 	COPY_FORMAT_BINARY,
 	COPY_FORMAT_CSV,
+	COPY_FORMAT_JSON,
 } CopyFormat;
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/include/utils/json.h b/src/include/utils/json.h
index 79c1062e1b..c904ef6c6e 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/json.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/json.h
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include "lib/stringinfo.h"
 
 /* functions in json.c */
+extern void composite_to_json(Datum composite, StringInfo result,
+							  bool use_line_feeds);
 extern void escape_json(StringInfo buf, const char *str);
 extern void escape_json_with_len(StringInfo buf, const char *str, int len);
 extern void escape_json_text(StringInfo buf, const text *txt);
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out b/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
index f554d42c84..430f11f3f1 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
@@ -73,6 +73,66 @@ copy copytest3 to stdout csv header;
 c1,"col with , comma","col with "" quote"
 1,a,1
 2,b,2
+--- test copying in JSON mode with various styles
+copy copytest to stdout json;
+{"style":"DOS","test":"abc\r\ndef","filler":1}
+{"style":"Unix","test":"abc\ndef","filler":2}
+{"style":"Mac","test":"abc\rdef","filler":3}
+{"style":"esc\\ape","test":"a\\r\\\r\\\n\\nb","filler":4}
+copy copytest to stdout (format json);
+{"style":"DOS","test":"abc\r\ndef","filler":1}
+{"style":"Unix","test":"abc\ndef","filler":2}
+{"style":"Mac","test":"abc\rdef","filler":3}
+{"style":"esc\\ape","test":"a\\r\\\r\\\n\\nb","filler":4}
+-- all of the following should yield error
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, header);
+ERROR:  cannot specify HEADER in JSON mode
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, null '\N');
+ERROR:  cannot specify NULL in JSON mode
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, delimiter '|');
+ERROR:  cannot specify DELIMITER in JSON mode
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, default '|');
+ERROR:  cannot specify DEFAULT in JSON mode
+copy copytest from stdin(format json);
+ERROR:  COPY json mode cannot be used with COPY FROM
+-- all of the above should yield error
+-- embedded escaped characters
+create temp table copyjsontest (
+    id bigserial,
+    f1 text,
+    f2 timestamptz);
+insert into copyjsontest
+  select g.i,
+         CASE WHEN g.i % 2 = 0 THEN
+           'line with '' in it: ' || g.i::text
+         ELSE
+           'line with " in it: ' || g.i::text
+         END,
+         'Mon Feb 10 17:32:01 1997 PST'
+  from generate_series(1,5) as g(i);
+insert into copyjsontest (f1) values
+(E'aaa\"bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\\bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\/bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\bbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\fbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\nbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\rbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\tbbb'::text);
+copy copyjsontest to stdout json;
+{"id":1,"f1":"line with \" in it: 1","f2":"1997-02-10T17:32:01-08:00"}
+{"id":2,"f1":"line with ' in it: 2","f2":"1997-02-10T17:32:01-08:00"}
+{"id":3,"f1":"line with \" in it: 3","f2":"1997-02-10T17:32:01-08:00"}
+{"id":4,"f1":"line with ' in it: 4","f2":"1997-02-10T17:32:01-08:00"}
+{"id":5,"f1":"line with \" in it: 5","f2":"1997-02-10T17:32:01-08:00"}
+{"id":1,"f1":"aaa\"bbb","f2":null}
+{"id":2,"f1":"aaa\\bbb","f2":null}
+{"id":3,"f1":"aaa/bbb","f2":null}
+{"id":4,"f1":"aaa\bbbb","f2":null}
+{"id":5,"f1":"aaa\fbbb","f2":null}
+{"id":6,"f1":"aaa\nbbb","f2":null}
+{"id":7,"f1":"aaa\rbbb","f2":null}
+{"id":8,"f1":"aaa\tbbb","f2":null}
 create temp table copytest4 (
 	c1 int,
 	"colname with tab: 	" text);
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
index f1699b66b0..3d21f20c98 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
@@ -82,6 +82,47 @@ this is just a line full of junk that would error out if parsed
 
 copy copytest3 to stdout csv header;
 
+--- test copying in JSON mode with various styles
+copy copytest to stdout json;
+
+copy copytest to stdout (format json);
+
+-- all of the following should yield error
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, header);
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, null '\N');
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, delimiter '|');
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, default '|');
+copy copytest from stdin(format json);
+-- all of the above should yield error
+
+-- embedded escaped characters
+create temp table copyjsontest (
+    id bigserial,
+    f1 text,
+    f2 timestamptz);
+
+insert into copyjsontest
+  select g.i,
+         CASE WHEN g.i % 2 = 0 THEN
+           'line with '' in it: ' || g.i::text
+         ELSE
+           'line with " in it: ' || g.i::text
+         END,
+         'Mon Feb 10 17:32:01 1997 PST'
+  from generate_series(1,5) as g(i);
+
+insert into copyjsontest (f1) values
+(E'aaa\"bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\\bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\/bbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\bbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\fbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\nbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\rbbb'::text),
+(E'aaa\tbbb'::text);
+
+copy copyjsontest to stdout json;
+
 create temp table copytest4 (
 	c1 int,
 	"colname with tab: 	" text);
-- 
2.34.1

From ad5a855ceac2a2bf762009210d1f8193dda58fb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jian he <jian.universal...@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Nov 2024 12:22:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH v13 3/3] Add option force_array for COPY JSON FORMAT

force_array option can only be used in COPY TO with JSON format.
it make the output json output behave like json array type.

discussion: https://postgr.es/m/CALvfUkBxTYy5uWPFVwpk_7ii2zgT07t3d-yR_cy4sfrrLU%3Dkcg%40mail.gmail.com
discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6a04628d-0d53-41d9-9e35-5a8dc302c...@joeconway.com
---
 doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml         | 14 ++++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/copy.c        | 13 +++++++++++++
 src/backend/commands/copyto.c      | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c     |  2 +-
 src/include/commands/copy.h        |  1 +
 src/test/regress/expected/copy.out | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql      |  9 +++++++++
 7 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
index 5bf0f38d90..50cebec0ce 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/copy.sgml
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
     FORCE_QUOTE { ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ...] ) | * }
     FORCE_NOT_NULL { ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ...] ) | * }
     FORCE_NULL { ( <replaceable class="parameter">column_name</replaceable> [, ...] ) | * }
+    FORCE_ARRAY [ <replaceable class="parameter">boolean</replaceable> ]
     ON_ERROR <replaceable class="parameter">error_action</replaceable>
     REJECT_LIMIT <replaceable class="parameter">maxerror</replaceable>
     ENCODING '<replaceable class="parameter">encoding_name</replaceable>'
@@ -392,6 +393,19 @@ COPY { <replaceable class="parameter">table_name</replaceable> [ ( <replaceable
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 
+   <varlistentry>
+    <term><literal>FORCE_ARRAY</literal></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      Force output of square brackets as array decorations at the beginning
+      and end of output, and commas between the rows. It is allowed only in
+      <command>COPY TO</command>, and only when using
+      <literal>JSON</literal> format. The default is
+      <literal>false</literal>.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
    <varlistentry>
     <term><literal>ON_ERROR</literal></term>
     <listitem>
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copy.c b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
index 4b8bc87666..71091e1bf3 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copy.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
@@ -490,6 +490,7 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 	bool		on_error_specified = false;
 	bool		log_verbosity_specified = false;
 	bool		reject_limit_specified = false;
+	bool		force_array_specified = false;
 	ListCell   *option;
 
 	/* Support external use for option sanity checking */
@@ -644,6 +645,13 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 								defel->defname),
 						 parser_errposition(pstate, defel->location)));
 		}
+		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "force_array") == 0)
+		{
+			if (force_array_specified)
+				errorConflictingDefElem(defel, pstate);
+			force_array_specified = true;
+			opts_out->force_array = defGetBoolean(defel);
+		}
 		else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "on_error") == 0)
 		{
 			if (on_error_specified)
@@ -893,6 +901,11 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
 				 errmsg("COPY json mode cannot be used with %s", "COPY FROM")));
 
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_JSON && opts_out->force_array)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+				 errmsg("COPY %s can only used with JSON mode", "FORCE_ARRAY")));
+
 	if (opts_out->default_print)
 	{
 		if (!is_from)
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
index 87709d76be..7d22ea7e8a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ typedef struct CopyToStateData
 	List	   *attnumlist;		/* integer list of attnums to copy */
 	char	   *filename;		/* filename, or NULL for STDOUT */
 	bool		is_program;		/* is 'filename' a program to popen? */
+	bool		json_row_delim_needed;	/* need delimiter to start next json array element */
 	copy_data_dest_cb data_dest_cb; /* function for writing data */
 
 	CopyFormatOptions opts;
@@ -858,6 +859,15 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 
 			CopySendEndOfRow(cstate);
 		}
+		/*
+		 * If JSON has been requested, and FORCE_ARRAY has been specified send
+		 * the opening bracket.
+		*/
+		if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && cstate->opts.force_array)
+		{
+			CopySendChar(cstate, '[');
+			CopySendEndOfRow(cstate);
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (cstate->rel)
@@ -905,6 +915,15 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 		CopySendEndOfRow(cstate);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * If JSON has been requested, and FORCE_ARRAY has been specified send the
+	 * closing bracket.
+	*/
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_JSON && cstate->opts.force_array)
+	{
+		CopySendChar(cstate, ']');
+		CopySendEndOfRow(cstate);
+	}
 	MemoryContextDelete(cstate->rowcontext);
 
 	if (fe_copy)
@@ -1008,6 +1027,15 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 		result = makeStringInfo();
 		composite_to_json(rowdata, result, false);
 
+		if (cstate->json_row_delim_needed && cstate->opts.force_array)
+			CopySendChar(cstate, ',');
+		else if (cstate->opts.force_array)
+		{
+			/* first row needs no delimiter */
+			CopySendChar(cstate, ' ');
+			cstate->json_row_delim_needed = true;
+		}
+
 		CopySendData(cstate, result->data, result->len);
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
index 48cf854a1d..f291e7caba 100644
--- a/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
+++ b/src/bin/psql/tab-complete.in.c
@@ -3234,7 +3234,7 @@ match_previous_words(int pattern_id,
 	else if (Matches("COPY|\\copy", MatchAny, "FROM|TO", MatchAny, "WITH", "("))
 		COMPLETE_WITH("FORMAT", "FREEZE", "DELIMITER", "NULL",
 					  "HEADER", "QUOTE", "ESCAPE", "FORCE_QUOTE",
-					  "FORCE_NOT_NULL", "FORCE_NULL", "ENCODING", "DEFAULT",
+					  "FORCE_NOT_NULL", "FORCE_NULL", "FORCE_ARRAY", "ENCODING", "DEFAULT",
 					  "ON_ERROR", "LOG_VERBOSITY");
 
 	/* Complete COPY <sth> FROM|TO filename WITH (FORMAT */
diff --git a/src/include/commands/copy.h b/src/include/commands/copy.h
index 076ae59f96..25e534b901 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/copy.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/copy.h
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ typedef struct CopyFormatOptions
 	List	   *force_null;		/* list of column names */
 	bool		force_null_all; /* FORCE_NULL *? */
 	bool	   *force_null_flags;	/* per-column CSV FN flags */
+	bool		force_array;	/* add JSON array decorations */
 	bool		convert_selectively;	/* do selective binary conversion? */
 	CopyOnErrorChoice on_error; /* what to do when error happened */
 	CopyLogVerbosityChoice log_verbosity;	/* verbosity of logged messages */
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out b/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
index 430f11f3f1..a35ffbe683 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/copy.out
@@ -96,6 +96,29 @@ ERROR:  cannot specify DEFAULT in JSON mode
 copy copytest from stdin(format json);
 ERROR:  COPY json mode cannot be used with COPY FROM
 -- all of the above should yield error
+--Error
+copy copytest to stdout (format csv, force_array true);
+ERROR:  COPY FORCE_ARRAY can only used with JSON mode
+--ok
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array);
+[
+ {"style":"DOS","test":"abc\r\ndef","filler":1}
+,{"style":"Unix","test":"abc\ndef","filler":2}
+,{"style":"Mac","test":"abc\rdef","filler":3}
+,{"style":"esc\\ape","test":"a\\r\\\r\\\n\\nb","filler":4}
+]
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array true);
+[
+ {"style":"DOS","test":"abc\r\ndef","filler":1}
+,{"style":"Unix","test":"abc\ndef","filler":2}
+,{"style":"Mac","test":"abc\rdef","filler":3}
+,{"style":"esc\\ape","test":"a\\r\\\r\\\n\\nb","filler":4}
+]
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array false);
+{"style":"DOS","test":"abc\r\ndef","filler":1}
+{"style":"Unix","test":"abc\ndef","filler":2}
+{"style":"Mac","test":"abc\rdef","filler":3}
+{"style":"esc\\ape","test":"a\\r\\\r\\\n\\nb","filler":4}
 -- embedded escaped characters
 create temp table copyjsontest (
     id bigserial,
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
index 3d21f20c98..91daf8482c 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/copy.sql
@@ -95,6 +95,15 @@ copy copytest to stdout (format json, default '|');
 copy copytest from stdin(format json);
 -- all of the above should yield error
 
+--Error
+copy copytest to stdout (format csv, force_array true);
+
+--ok
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array);
+
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array true);
+
+copy copytest to stdout (format json, force_array false);
 -- embedded escaped characters
 create temp table copyjsontest (
     id bigserial,
-- 
2.34.1

From 69dd037fbfc211684010b5f24977234cf970b312 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Joel Jacobson <j...@compiler.org>
Date: Thu, 24 Oct 2024 08:24:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v13 1/3] Introduce CopyFormat and replace csv_mode and binary
 fields with it.

---
 src/backend/commands/copy.c          | 50 +++++++++++++++-------------
 src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c      | 10 +++---
 src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c | 34 +++++++++----------
 src/backend/commands/copyto.c        | 20 +++++------
 src/include/commands/copy.h          | 13 ++++++--
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list     |  1 +
 6 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copy.c b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
index 3485ba8663..b7e819de40 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copy.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copy.c
@@ -511,11 +511,11 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 				errorConflictingDefElem(defel, pstate);
 			format_specified = true;
 			if (strcmp(fmt, "text") == 0)
-				 /* default format */ ;
+				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_TEXT;
 			else if (strcmp(fmt, "csv") == 0)
-				opts_out->csv_mode = true;
+				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_CSV;
 			else if (strcmp(fmt, "binary") == 0)
-				opts_out->binary = true;
+				opts_out->format = COPY_FORMAT_BINARY;
 			else
 				ereport(ERROR,
 						(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
@@ -675,31 +675,31 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 	 * Check for incompatible options (must do these three before inserting
 	 * defaults)
 	 */
-	if (opts_out->binary && opts_out->delim)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->delim)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "DELIMITER")));
 
-	if (opts_out->binary && opts_out->null_print)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->null_print)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "NULL")));
 
-	if (opts_out->binary && opts_out->default_print)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->default_print)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "DEFAULT")));
 
 	/* Set defaults for omitted options */
 	if (!opts_out->delim)
-		opts_out->delim = opts_out->csv_mode ? "," : "\t";
+		opts_out->delim = opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV ? "," : "\t";
 
 	if (!opts_out->null_print)
-		opts_out->null_print = opts_out->csv_mode ? "" : "\\N";
+		opts_out->null_print = opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV ? "" : "\\N";
 	opts_out->null_print_len = strlen(opts_out->null_print);
 
-	if (opts_out->csv_mode)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 	{
 		if (!opts_out->quote)
 			opts_out->quote = "\"";
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 	 * future-proofing.  Likewise we disallow all digits though only octal
 	 * digits are actually dangerous.
 	 */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode &&
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV &&
 		strchr("\\.abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789",
 			   opts_out->delim[0]) != NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
@@ -755,43 +755,44 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 				 errmsg("COPY delimiter cannot be \"%s\"", opts_out->delim)));
 
 	/* Check header */
-	if (opts_out->binary && opts_out->header_line)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY && opts_out->header_line)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("cannot specify %s in BINARY mode", "HEADER")));
 
 	/* Check quote */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode && opts_out->quote != NULL)
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV && opts_out->quote != NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("COPY %s requires CSV mode", "QUOTE")));
 
-	if (opts_out->csv_mode && strlen(opts_out->quote) != 1)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV && strlen(opts_out->quote) != 1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 				 errmsg("COPY quote must be a single one-byte character")));
 
-	if (opts_out->csv_mode && opts_out->delim[0] == opts_out->quote[0])
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV && opts_out->delim[0] == opts_out->quote[0])
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
 				 errmsg("COPY delimiter and quote must be different")));
 
 	/* Check escape */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode && opts_out->escape != NULL)
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV && opts_out->escape != NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
 				 errmsg("COPY %s requires CSV mode", "ESCAPE")));
 
-	if (opts_out->csv_mode && strlen(opts_out->escape) != 1)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV && strlen(opts_out->escape) != 1)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 				 errmsg("COPY escape must be a single one-byte character")));
 
 	/* Check force_quote */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode && (opts_out->force_quote || opts_out->force_quote_all))
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV && (opts_out->force_quote ||
+												opts_out->force_quote_all))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
@@ -805,8 +806,8 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 						"COPY FROM")));
 
 	/* Check force_notnull */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode && (opts_out->force_notnull != NIL ||
-								opts_out->force_notnull_all))
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV &&
+		(opts_out->force_notnull != NIL || opts_out->force_notnull_all))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
@@ -821,8 +822,8 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 						"COPY TO")));
 
 	/* Check force_null */
-	if (!opts_out->csv_mode && (opts_out->force_null != NIL ||
-								opts_out->force_null_all))
+	if (opts_out->format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV && (opts_out->force_null != NIL ||
+												opts_out->force_null_all))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 		/*- translator: %s is the name of a COPY option, e.g. ON_ERROR */
@@ -846,7 +847,7 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 						"NULL")));
 
 	/* Don't allow the CSV quote char to appear in the null string. */
-	if (opts_out->csv_mode &&
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV &&
 		strchr(opts_out->null_print, opts_out->quote[0]) != NULL)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
@@ -882,7 +883,7 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 							"DEFAULT")));
 
 		/* Don't allow the CSV quote char to appear in the default string. */
-		if (opts_out->csv_mode &&
+		if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV &&
 			strchr(opts_out->default_print, opts_out->quote[0]) != NULL)
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
@@ -899,7 +900,8 @@ ProcessCopyOptions(ParseState *pstate,
 					 errmsg("NULL specification and DEFAULT specification cannot be the same")));
 	}
 	/* Check on_error */
-	if (opts_out->binary && opts_out->on_error != COPY_ON_ERROR_STOP)
+	if (opts_out->format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY &&
+		opts_out->on_error != COPY_ON_ERROR_STOP)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
 				 errmsg("only ON_ERROR STOP is allowed in BINARY mode")));
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c
index 754cb49616..428b62cb9a 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfrom.c
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ CopyFromErrorCallback(void *arg)
 				   cstate->cur_relname);
 		return;
 	}
-	if (cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/* can't usefully display the data */
 		if (cstate->cur_attname)
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ BeginCopyFrom(ParseState *pstate,
 	cstate->raw_buf_index = cstate->raw_buf_len = 0;
 	cstate->raw_reached_eof = false;
 
-	if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/*
 		 * If encoding conversion is needed, we need another buffer to hold
@@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ BeginCopyFrom(ParseState *pstate,
 			continue;
 
 		/* Fetch the input function and typioparam info */
-		if (cstate->opts.binary)
+		if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 			getTypeBinaryInputInfo(att->atttypid,
 								   &in_func_oid, &typioparams[attnum - 1]);
 		else
@@ -1775,14 +1775,14 @@ BeginCopyFrom(ParseState *pstate,
 
 	pgstat_progress_update_multi_param(3, progress_cols, progress_vals);
 
-	if (cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/* Read and verify binary header */
 		ReceiveCopyBinaryHeader(cstate);
 	}
 
 	/* create workspace for CopyReadAttributes results */
-	if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		AttrNumber	attr_count = list_length(cstate->attnumlist);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
index d1d43b53d8..51eb14d743 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyfromparse.c
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ ReceiveCopyBegin(CopyFromState cstate)
 {
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	int			natts = list_length(cstate->attnumlist);
-	int16		format = (cstate->opts.binary ? 1 : 0);
+	int16		format = (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY ? 1 : 0);
 	int			i;
 
 	pq_beginmessage(&buf, PqMsg_CopyInResponse);
@@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ NextCopyFromRawFields(CopyFromState cstate, char ***fields, int *nfields)
 	bool		done;
 
 	/* only available for text or csv input */
-	Assert(!cstate->opts.binary);
+	Assert(cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY);
 
 	/* on input check that the header line is correct if needed */
 	if (cstate->cur_lineno == 0 && cstate->opts.header_line)
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ NextCopyFromRawFields(CopyFromState cstate, char ***fields, int *nfields)
 		{
 			int			fldnum;
 
-			if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+			if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 				fldct = CopyReadAttributesCSV(cstate);
 			else
 				fldct = CopyReadAttributesText(cstate);
@@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ NextCopyFromRawFields(CopyFromState cstate, char ***fields, int *nfields)
 		return false;
 
 	/* Parse the line into de-escaped field values */
-	if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 		fldct = CopyReadAttributesCSV(cstate);
 	else
 		fldct = CopyReadAttributesText(cstate);
@@ -864,7 +864,7 @@ NextCopyFrom(CopyFromState cstate, ExprContext *econtext,
 	MemSet(nulls, true, num_phys_attrs * sizeof(bool));
 	MemSet(cstate->defaults, false, num_phys_attrs * sizeof(bool));
 
-	if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		char	  **field_strings;
 		ListCell   *cur;
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ NextCopyFrom(CopyFromState cstate, ExprContext *econtext,
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+			if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 			{
 				if (string == NULL &&
 					cstate->opts.force_notnull_flags[m])
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 	char		quotec = '\0';
 	char		escapec = '\0';
 
-	if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 	{
 		quotec = cstate->opts.quote[0];
 		escapec = cstate->opts.escape[0];
@@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 		prev_raw_ptr = input_buf_ptr;
 		c = copy_input_buf[input_buf_ptr++];
 
-		if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+		if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 		{
 			/*
 			 * If character is '\r', we may need to look ahead below.  Force
@@ -1294,7 +1294,7 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 		}
 
 		/* Process \r */
-		if (c == '\r' && (!cstate->opts.csv_mode || !in_quote))
+		if (c == '\r' && (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV || !in_quote))
 		{
 			/* Check for \r\n on first line, _and_ handle \r\n. */
 			if (cstate->eol_type == EOL_UNKNOWN ||
@@ -1322,10 +1322,10 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 					if (cstate->eol_type == EOL_CRNL)
 						ereport(ERROR,
 								(errcode(ERRCODE_BAD_COPY_FILE_FORMAT),
-								 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+								 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 								 errmsg("literal carriage return found in data") :
 								 errmsg("unquoted carriage return found in data"),
-								 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+								 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 								 errhint("Use \"\\r\" to represent carriage return.") :
 								 errhint("Use quoted CSV field to represent carriage return.")));
 
@@ -1339,10 +1339,10 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 			else if (cstate->eol_type == EOL_NL)
 				ereport(ERROR,
 						(errcode(ERRCODE_BAD_COPY_FILE_FORMAT),
-						 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+						 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 						 errmsg("literal carriage return found in data") :
 						 errmsg("unquoted carriage return found in data"),
-						 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+						 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 						 errhint("Use \"\\r\" to represent carriage return.") :
 						 errhint("Use quoted CSV field to represent carriage return.")));
 			/* If reach here, we have found the line terminator */
@@ -1350,15 +1350,15 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 		}
 
 		/* Process \n */
-		if (c == '\n' && (!cstate->opts.csv_mode || !in_quote))
+		if (c == '\n' && (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV || !in_quote))
 		{
 			if (cstate->eol_type == EOL_CR || cstate->eol_type == EOL_CRNL)
 				ereport(ERROR,
 						(errcode(ERRCODE_BAD_COPY_FILE_FORMAT),
-						 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+						 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 						 errmsg("literal newline found in data") :
 						 errmsg("unquoted newline found in data"),
-						 !cstate->opts.csv_mode ?
+						 cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV ?
 						 errhint("Use \"\\n\" to represent newline.") :
 						 errhint("Use quoted CSV field to represent newline.")));
 			cstate->eol_type = EOL_NL;	/* in case not set yet */
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@ CopyReadLineText(CopyFromState cstate)
 		 * Process backslash, except in CSV mode where backslash is a normal
 		 * character.
 		 */
-		if (c == '\\' && !cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+		if (c == '\\' && cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 		{
 			char		c2;
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
index f55e6d9675..03c9d71d34 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/copyto.c
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ SendCopyBegin(CopyToState cstate)
 {
 	StringInfoData buf;
 	int			natts = list_length(cstate->attnumlist);
-	int16		format = (cstate->opts.binary ? 1 : 0);
+	int16		format = (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY ? 1 : 0);
 	int			i;
 
 	pq_beginmessage(&buf, PqMsg_CopyOutResponse);
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ CopySendEndOfRow(CopyToState cstate)
 	switch (cstate->copy_dest)
 	{
 		case COPY_FILE:
-			if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+			if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 			{
 				/* Default line termination depends on platform */
 #ifndef WIN32
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ CopySendEndOfRow(CopyToState cstate)
 			break;
 		case COPY_FRONTEND:
 			/* The FE/BE protocol uses \n as newline for all platforms */
-			if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+			if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 				CopySendChar(cstate, '\n');
 
 			/* Dump the accumulated row as one CopyData message */
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 		bool		isvarlena;
 		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(tupDesc, attnum - 1);
 
-		if (cstate->opts.binary)
+		if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 			getTypeBinaryOutputInfo(attr->atttypid,
 									&out_func_oid,
 									&isvarlena);
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 											   "COPY TO",
 											   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
 
-	if (cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/* Generate header for a binary copy */
 		int32		tmp;
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 
 				colname = NameStr(TupleDescAttr(tupDesc, attnum - 1)->attname);
 
-				if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+				if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 					CopyAttributeOutCSV(cstate, colname, false);
 				else
 					CopyAttributeOutText(cstate, colname);
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ DoCopyTo(CopyToState cstate)
 		processed = ((DR_copy *) cstate->queryDesc->dest)->processed;
 	}
 
-	if (cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/* Generate trailer for a binary copy */
 		CopySendInt16(cstate, -1);
@@ -912,7 +912,7 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 	MemoryContextReset(cstate->rowcontext);
 	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(cstate->rowcontext);
 
-	if (cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		/* Binary per-tuple header */
 		CopySendInt16(cstate, list_length(cstate->attnumlist));
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 	/* Make sure the tuple is fully deconstructed */
 	slot_getallattrs(slot);
 
-	if (!cstate->opts.binary)
+	if (cstate->opts.format != COPY_FORMAT_BINARY)
 	{
 		bool		need_delim = false;
 
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ CopyOneRowTo(CopyToState cstate, TupleTableSlot *slot)
 			{
 				string = OutputFunctionCall(&out_functions[attnum - 1],
 											value);
-				if (cstate->opts.csv_mode)
+				if (cstate->opts.format == COPY_FORMAT_CSV)
 					CopyAttributeOutCSV(cstate, string,
 										cstate->opts.force_quote_flags[attnum - 1]);
 				else
diff --git a/src/include/commands/copy.h b/src/include/commands/copy.h
index 4002a7f538..c3d1df267f 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/copy.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/copy.h
@@ -51,6 +51,16 @@ typedef enum CopyLogVerbosityChoice
 	COPY_LOG_VERBOSITY_VERBOSE, /* logs additional messages */
 } CopyLogVerbosityChoice;
 
+/*
+ * Represents the format of the COPY operation.
+ */
+typedef enum CopyFormat
+{
+	COPY_FORMAT_TEXT = 0,
+	COPY_FORMAT_BINARY,
+	COPY_FORMAT_CSV,
+} CopyFormat;
+
 /*
  * A struct to hold COPY options, in a parsed form. All of these are related
  * to formatting, except for 'freeze', which doesn't really belong here, but
@@ -61,9 +71,8 @@ typedef struct CopyFormatOptions
 	/* parameters from the COPY command */
 	int			file_encoding;	/* file or remote side's character encoding,
 								 * -1 if not specified */
-	bool		binary;			/* binary format? */
+	CopyFormat	format;			/* format of the COPY operation */
 	bool		freeze;			/* freeze rows on loading? */
-	bool		csv_mode;		/* Comma Separated Value format? */
 	CopyHeaderChoice header_line;	/* header line? */
 	char	   *null_print;		/* NULL marker string (server encoding!) */
 	int			null_print_len; /* length of same */
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 08521d51a9..b81da581cf 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -491,6 +491,7 @@ ConversionLocation
 ConvertRowtypeExpr
 CookedConstraint
 CopyDest
+CopyFormat
 CopyFormatOptions
 CopyFromState
 CopyFromStateData
-- 
2.34.1

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