On Thu, 2023-03-30 at 08:59 +0200, Peter Eisentraut wrote:
> I don't think we should show the notice when the canonicalization 
> doesn't change anything.  This is not useful:
> 
> +NOTICE:  using language tag "und-u-kf-upper" for locale "und-u-kf-
> upper"

Done.

> Also, the message should be phrased more from the perspective of the 
> user instead of using ICU jargon, like
> 
> NOTICE:  using canonicalized form "%s" for locale specification "%s"
> 
> (Still too many big words?)

Changed to:

   NOTICE:  using standard form "%s" for locale "%s"

> Needs documentation updates in doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml.

I made a very minor update. Do you have something more specific in
mind?

Regards,
        Jeff Davis


From 0069b0a6e6972c91445f8b07b42aff519159c0e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeff Davis <j...@j-davis.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Mar 2023 12:37:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v11] Canonicalize ICU locale names to language tags.

Convert to BCP47 language tags before storing in the catalog, except
during binary upgrade or when the locale comes from an existing
collation or template database.

Canonicalization is important, because it's able to handle more kinds
of locale strings than ucol_open(). Without canonicalizing first, a
locale string like "fr_CA.UTF-8" will be misinterpreted by
ucol_open().

The resulting language tags can vary slightly between ICU
versions. For instance, "@colBackwards=yes" is converted to
"und-u-kb-true" in older versions of ICU, and to the simpler (but
equivalent) "und-u-kb" in newer versions.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/8c7af6820aed94dc7bc259d2aa7f9663518e6137.ca...@j-davis.com
---
 doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml                     |  2 +-
 src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c          | 46 +++++-----
 src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c             | 20 +++++
 src/backend/utils/adt/pg_locale.c             | 85 +++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/initdb/initdb.c                       | 81 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl                |  2 +-
 src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl              |  4 +-
 src/include/utils/pg_locale.h                 |  1 +
 .../regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out     | 29 ++++++-
 src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql     | 15 ++++
 10 files changed, 258 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
index 12fabb7372..6dd95b8966 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/charset.sgml
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ CREATE COLLATION german (provider = libc, locale = 'de_DE');
         The first example selects the ICU locale using a <quote>language
         tag</quote> per BCP 47.  The second example uses the traditional
         ICU-specific locale syntax.  The first style is preferred going
-        forward, but it is not supported by older ICU versions.
+        forward, and is used internally to store locales.
        </para>
        <para>
         Note that you can name the collation objects in the SQL environment
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
index 45de78352c..c91fe66d9b 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
@@ -165,6 +165,11 @@ DefineCollation(ParseState *pstate, List *names, List *parameters, bool if_not_e
 		else
 			colliculocale = NULL;
 
+		/*
+		 * When the ICU locale comes from an existing collation, do not
+		 * canonicalize to a language tag.
+		 */
+
 		datum = SysCacheGetAttr(COLLOID, tp, Anum_pg_collation_collicurules, &isnull);
 		if (!isnull)
 			collicurules = TextDatumGetCString(datum);
@@ -259,6 +264,25 @@ DefineCollation(ParseState *pstate, List *names, List *parameters, bool if_not_e
 						(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_OBJECT_DEFINITION),
 						 errmsg("parameter \"locale\" must be specified")));
 
+			/*
+			 * During binary upgrade, preserve the locale string. Otherwise,
+			 * canonicalize to a language tag.
+			 */
+			if (!IsBinaryUpgrade)
+			{
+				char *langtag = icu_language_tag(colliculocale,
+												 icu_validation_level);
+
+				if (langtag && strcmp(colliculocale, langtag) != 0)
+				{
+					ereport(NOTICE,
+							(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for locale \"%s\"",
+									langtag, colliculocale)));
+
+					colliculocale = langtag;
+				}
+			}
+
 			icu_validate_locale(colliculocale);
 		}
 
@@ -569,26 +593,6 @@ cmpaliases(const void *a, const void *b)
 
 
 #ifdef USE_ICU
-/*
- * Get the ICU language tag for a locale name.
- * The result is a palloc'd string.
- */
-static char *
-get_icu_language_tag(const char *localename)
-{
-	char		buf[ULOC_FULLNAME_CAPACITY];
-	UErrorCode	status;
-
-	status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
-	uloc_toLanguageTag(localename, buf, sizeof(buf), true, &status);
-	if (U_FAILURE(status))
-		ereport(ERROR,
-				(errmsg("could not convert locale name \"%s\" to language tag: %s",
-						localename, u_errorName(status))));
-
-	return pstrdup(buf);
-}
-
 /*
  * Get a comment (specifically, the display name) for an ICU locale.
  * The result is a palloc'd string, or NULL if we can't get a comment
@@ -950,7 +954,7 @@ pg_import_system_collations(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 			else
 				name = uloc_getAvailable(i);
 
-			langtag = get_icu_language_tag(name);
+			langtag = icu_language_tag(name, ERROR);
 
 			/*
 			 * Be paranoid about not allowing any non-ASCII strings into
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c b/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
index 24bcc5adfe..2e242eeff2 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
@@ -1058,6 +1058,26 @@ createdb(ParseState *pstate, const CreatedbStmt *stmt)
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
 					 errmsg("ICU locale must be specified")));
 
+		/*
+		 * During binary upgrade, or when the locale came from the template
+		 * database, preserve locale string. Otherwise, canonicalize to a
+		 * language tag.
+		 */
+		if (!IsBinaryUpgrade && dbiculocale != src_iculocale)
+		{
+			char *langtag = icu_language_tag(dbiculocale,
+											 icu_validation_level);
+
+			if (langtag && strcmp(dbiculocale, langtag) != 0)
+			{
+				ereport(NOTICE,
+						(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for locale \"%s\"",
+								langtag, dbiculocale)));
+
+				dbiculocale = langtag;
+			}
+		}
+
 		icu_validate_locale(dbiculocale);
 	}
 	else
diff --git a/src/backend/utils/adt/pg_locale.c b/src/backend/utils/adt/pg_locale.c
index 9497c20d12..06e73aa012 100644
--- a/src/backend/utils/adt/pg_locale.c
+++ b/src/backend/utils/adt/pg_locale.c
@@ -2826,6 +2826,91 @@ icu_set_collation_attributes(UCollator *collator, const char *loc,
 
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Return the BCP47 language tag representation of the requested locale.
+ *
+ * This function should be called before passing the string to ucol_open(),
+ * because conversion to a language tag also performs "level 2
+ * canonicalization". In addition to producing a consistent format, level 2
+ * canonicalization is able to more accurately interpret different input
+ * locale string formats, such as POSIX and .NET IDs.
+ */
+char *
+icu_language_tag(const char *loc_str, int elevel)
+{
+#ifdef USE_ICU
+	UErrorCode	 status;
+	char		 lang[ULOC_LANG_CAPACITY];
+	char		*langtag;
+	size_t		 buflen = 32;	/* arbitrary starting buffer size */
+	const bool	 strict = true;
+
+	status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+	uloc_getLanguage(loc_str, lang, ULOC_LANG_CAPACITY, &status);
+	if (U_FAILURE(status))
+	{
+		if (elevel > 0)
+			ereport(elevel,
+					(errmsg("could not get language from locale \"%s\": %s",
+							loc_str, u_errorName(status))));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* C/POSIX locales aren't handled by uloc_getLanguageTag() */
+	if (strcmp(lang, "c") == 0 || strcmp(lang, "posix") == 0)
+		return pstrdup("en-US-u-va-posix");
+
+	/*
+	 * A BCP47 language tag doesn't have a clearly-defined upper limit
+	 * (cf. RFC5646 section 4.4). Additionally, in older ICU versions,
+	 * uloc_toLanguageTag() doesn't always return the ultimate length on the
+	 * first call, necessitating a loop.
+	 */
+	langtag = palloc(buflen);
+	while (true)
+	{
+		int32_t		len;
+
+		status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+		len = uloc_toLanguageTag(loc_str, langtag, buflen, strict, &status);
+
+		/*
+		 * If the result fits in the buffer exactly (len == buflen),
+		 * uloc_toLanguageTag() will return success without nul-terminating
+		 * the result. Check for either U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR or len >=
+		 * buflen and try again.
+		 */
+		if ((status == U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR ||
+			 (U_SUCCESS(status) && len >= buflen)) &&
+			buflen < MaxAllocSize)
+		{
+			buflen = Min(buflen * 2, MaxAllocSize);
+			langtag = repalloc(langtag, buflen);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (U_FAILURE(status))
+	{
+		pfree(langtag);
+
+		if (elevel > 0)
+			ereport(elevel,
+					(errmsg("could not convert locale name \"%s\" to language tag: %s",
+							loc_str, u_errorName(status))));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return langtag;
+#else							/* not USE_ICU */
+	ereport(ERROR,
+			(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+			 errmsg("ICU is not supported in this build")));
+#endif							/* not USE_ICU */
+}
+
 /*
  * Perform best-effort check that the locale is a valid one.
  */
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
index 208ddc9b30..4814c1c405 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
@@ -2229,6 +2229,78 @@ check_icu_locale_encoding(int user_enc)
 	return true;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Convert to canonical BCP47 language tag. Must be consistent with
+ * icu_language_tag().
+ */
+static char *
+icu_language_tag(const char *loc_str)
+{
+#ifdef USE_ICU
+	UErrorCode	 status;
+	char		 lang[ULOC_LANG_CAPACITY];
+	char		*langtag;
+	size_t		 buflen = 32;	/* arbitrary starting buffer size */
+	const bool	 strict = true;
+
+	status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+	uloc_getLanguage(loc_str, lang, ULOC_LANG_CAPACITY, &status);
+	if (U_FAILURE(status))
+	{
+		pg_fatal("could not get language from locale \"%s\": %s",
+				 loc_str, u_errorName(status));
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	/* C/POSIX locales aren't handled by uloc_getLanguageTag() */
+	if (strcmp(lang, "c") == 0 || strcmp(lang, "posix") == 0)
+		return pstrdup("en-US-u-va-posix");
+
+	/*
+	 * A BCP47 language tag doesn't have a clearly-defined upper limit
+	 * (cf. RFC5646 section 4.4). Additionally, in older ICU versions,
+	 * uloc_toLanguageTag() doesn't always return the ultimate length on the
+	 * first call, necessitating a loop.
+	 */
+	langtag = pg_malloc(buflen);
+	while (true)
+	{
+		int32_t		len;
+
+		status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+		len = uloc_toLanguageTag(loc_str, langtag, buflen, strict, &status);
+
+		/*
+		 * If the result fits in the buffer exactly (len == buflen),
+		 * uloc_toLanguageTag() will return success without nul-terminating
+		 * the result. Check for either U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR or len >=
+		 * buflen and try again.
+		 */
+		if (status == U_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_ERROR ||
+			(U_SUCCESS(status) && len >= buflen))
+		{
+			buflen = buflen * 2;
+			langtag = pg_realloc(langtag, buflen);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (U_FAILURE(status))
+	{
+		pg_free(langtag);
+
+		pg_fatal("could not convert locale name \"%s\" to language tag: %s",
+				 loc_str, u_errorName(status));
+	}
+
+	return langtag;
+#else
+	pg_fatal("ICU is not supported in this build");
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
  * Perform best-effort check that the locale is a valid one. Should be
  * consistent with pg_locale.c, except that it doesn't need to open the
@@ -2376,6 +2448,8 @@ setlocales(void)
 
 	if (locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
 	{
+		char *langtag;
+
 		/* acquire default locale from the environment, if not specified */
 		if (icu_locale == NULL)
 		{
@@ -2383,6 +2457,13 @@ setlocales(void)
 			printf(_("Using default ICU locale \"%s\".\n"), icu_locale);
 		}
 
+		/* canonicalize to a language tag */
+		langtag = icu_language_tag(icu_locale);
+		printf(_("Using language tag \"%s\" for ICU locale \"%s\".\n"),
+			   langtag, icu_locale);
+		pg_free(icu_locale);
+		icu_locale = langtag;
+
 		icu_validate_locale(icu_locale);
 
 		/*
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
index db7995fe28..17a444d80c 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ if ($ENV{with_icu} eq 'yes')
 			'--locale-provider=icu',
 			'--icu-locale=@colNumeric=lower', "$tempdir/dataX"
 		],
-		qr/could not open collator for locale "\@colNumeric=lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR/,
+		qr/could not open collator for locale "und-u-kn-lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR/,
 		'fails for invalid collation argument');
 }
 else
diff --git a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
index 42215f82f7..df26ba42d6 100644
--- a/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
+++ b/src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl
@@ -1860,9 +1860,9 @@ my %tests = (
 
 	'CREATE COLLATION icu_collation' => {
 		create_order => 76,
-		create_sql   => "CREATE COLLATION icu_collation (PROVIDER = icu, LOCALE = 'C');",
+		create_sql   => "CREATE COLLATION icu_collation (PROVIDER = icu, LOCALE = 'en-US-u-va-posix');",
 		regexp =>
-		  qr/CREATE COLLATION public.icu_collation \(provider = icu, locale = 'C'(, version = '[^']*')?\);/m,
+		  qr/CREATE COLLATION public.icu_collation \(provider = icu, locale = 'en-US-u-va-posix'(, version = '[^']*')?\);/m,
 		icu => 1,
 		like      => { %full_runs, section_pre_data => 1, },
 	},
diff --git a/src/include/utils/pg_locale.h b/src/include/utils/pg_locale.h
index c275427976..8c095abc52 100644
--- a/src/include/utils/pg_locale.h
+++ b/src/include/utils/pg_locale.h
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ extern size_t pg_strnxfrm_prefix(char *dest, size_t destsize, const char *src,
 								 size_t srclen, pg_locale_t locale);
 
 extern void icu_validate_locale(const char *loc_str);
+extern char *icu_language_tag(const char *loc_str, int elevel);
 
 #ifdef USE_ICU
 extern int32_t icu_to_uchar(UChar **buff_uchar, const char *buff, size_t nbytes);
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
index 5e480d45cd..b5a221b030 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
@@ -1019,6 +1019,7 @@ reset enable_seqscan;
 CREATE ROLE regress_test_role;
 CREATE SCHEMA test_schema;
 -- We need to do this this way to cope with varying names for encodings:
+SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;
 do $$
 BEGIN
   EXECUTE 'CREATE COLLATION test0 (provider = icu, locale = ' ||
@@ -1033,12 +1034,17 @@ BEGIN
           quote_literal(current_setting('lc_collate')) || ');';
 END
 $$;
+RESET client_min_messages;
 CREATE COLLATION test3 (provider = icu, lc_collate = 'en_US.utf8'); -- fail, needs "locale"
 ERROR:  parameter "locale" must be specified
 CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); -- fails
 ERROR:  ICU locale "nonsense-nowhere" has unknown language "nonsense"
 HINT:  To disable ICU locale validation, set parameter icu_validation_level to DISABLED.
+CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); -- fails
+ERROR:  could not convert locale name "@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
 SET icu_validation_level = WARNING;
+CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); DROP COLLATION testx;
+WARNING:  could not convert locale name "@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes" to language tag: U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
 CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); DROP COLLATION testx;
 WARNING:  ICU locale "nonsense-nowhere" has unknown language "nonsense"
 HINT:  To disable ICU locale validation, set parameter icu_validation_level to DISABLED.
@@ -1169,14 +1175,18 @@ SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b COLLATE UNICODE;
 
 -- test ICU collation customization
 -- test the attributes handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'aaá' > 'AAA' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'aaá' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_ignore_accents;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
  t        | t
 (1 row)
 
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_backwards (provider = icu, locale = '@colBackwards=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'coté' < 'côte' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'coté' > 'côte' COLLATE testcoll_backwards;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1184,7 +1194,9 @@ SELECT 'coté' < 'côte' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'coté' > 'côte' COLLATE testcoll
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_lower_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=lower');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-lower" for locale "@colCaseFirst=lower"
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_upper_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=upper');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-upper" for locale "@colCaseFirst=upper"
 SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_upper_first;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1192,13 +1204,16 @@ SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcol
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_shifted (provider = icu, locale = '@colAlternate=shifted');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ka-shifted" for locale "@colAlternate=shifted"
 SELECT 'de-luge' < 'deanza' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'de-luge' > 'deanza' COLLATE testcoll_shifted;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
  t        | t
 (1 row)
 
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_numeric (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'A-21' > 'A-123' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'A-21' < 'A-123' COLLATE testcoll_numeric;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1206,10 +1221,12 @@ SELECT 'A-21' > 'A-123' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'A-21' < 'A-123' COLLATE testcoll_n
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_error1 (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=lower');
-ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "@colNumeric=lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kn-lower" for locale "@colNumeric=lower"
+ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und-u-kn-lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
 -- test that attributes not handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
 -- (handled by ucol_open() directly) also work
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_de_phonebook (provider = icu, locale = 'de@collation=phonebook');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "de-u-co-phonebk" for locale "de@collation=phonebook"
 SELECT 'Goldmann' < 'Götz' COLLATE "de-x-icu", 'Goldmann' > 'Götz' COLLATE testcoll_de_phonebook;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1218,6 +1235,7 @@ SELECT 'Goldmann' < 'Götz' COLLATE "de-x-icu", 'Goldmann' > 'Götz' COLLATE tes
 
 -- rules
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rules1 (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '&a < g');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
 CREATE TABLE test7 (a text);
 -- example from https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/customization/#syntax
 INSERT INTO test7 VALUES ('Abernathy'), ('apple'), ('bird'), ('Boston'), ('Graham'), ('green');
@@ -1245,10 +1263,13 @@ SELECT * FROM test7 ORDER BY a COLLATE testcoll_rules1;
 
 DROP TABLE test7;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rulesx (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '!!wrong!!');
-ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "" with rules "!!wrong!!": U_INVALID_FORMAT_ERROR
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und" with rules "!!wrong!!": U_INVALID_FORMAT_ERROR
 -- nondeterministic collations
 CREATE COLLATION ctest_det (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = true);
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
 CREATE COLLATION ctest_nondet (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = false);
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
 CREATE TABLE test6 (a int, b text);
 -- same string in different normal forms
 INSERT INTO test6 VALUES (1, U&'\00E4bc');
@@ -1298,7 +1319,9 @@ SELECT * FROM test6a WHERE b = ARRAY['äbc'] COLLATE ctest_nondet;
 (2 rows)
 
 CREATE COLLATION case_sensitive (provider = icu, locale = '');
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
 CREATE COLLATION case_insensitive (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=secondary', deterministic = false);
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ks-level2" for locale "@colStrength=secondary"
 SELECT 'abc' <= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive, 'abc' >= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1780,7 +1803,9 @@ SELECT * FROM outer_text WHERE (f1, f2) NOT IN (SELECT * FROM inner_text);
 (2 rows)
 
 -- accents
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes', deterministic = false);
+RESET client_min_messages;
 CREATE TABLE test4 (a int, b text);
 INSERT INTO test4 VALUES (1, 'cote'), (2, 'côte'), (3, 'coté'), (4, 'côté');
 SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE b = 'cote';
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
index 95d96f2eb8..85e26951b6 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/collate.icu.utf8.sql
@@ -357,6 +357,8 @@ CREATE ROLE regress_test_role;
 CREATE SCHEMA test_schema;
 
 -- We need to do this this way to cope with varying names for encodings:
+SET client_min_messages TO WARNING;
+
 do $$
 BEGIN
   EXECUTE 'CREATE COLLATION test0 (provider = icu, locale = ' ||
@@ -370,9 +372,14 @@ BEGIN
           quote_literal(current_setting('lc_collate')) || ');';
 END
 $$;
+
+RESET client_min_messages;
+
 CREATE COLLATION test3 (provider = icu, lc_collate = 'en_US.utf8'); -- fail, needs "locale"
 CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); -- fails
+CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); -- fails
 SET icu_validation_level = WARNING;
+CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;nonsense=yes'); DROP COLLATION testx;
 CREATE COLLATION testx (provider = icu, locale = 'nonsense-nowhere'); DROP COLLATION testx;
 RESET icu_validation_level;
 
@@ -457,10 +464,14 @@ SELECT * FROM collate_test2 ORDER BY b COLLATE UNICODE;
 
 -- test the attributes handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
 
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'aaá' > 'AAA' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'aaá' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_ignore_accents;
 
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_backwards (provider = icu, locale = '@colBackwards=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'coté' < 'côte' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'coté' > 'côte' COLLATE testcoll_backwards;
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_lower_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=lower');
@@ -470,7 +481,9 @@ SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcol
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_shifted (provider = icu, locale = '@colAlternate=shifted');
 SELECT 'de-luge' < 'deanza' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'de-luge' > 'deanza' COLLATE testcoll_shifted;
 
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_numeric (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=yes');
+RESET client_min_messages;
 SELECT 'A-21' > 'A-123' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'A-21' < 'A-123' COLLATE testcoll_numeric;
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_error1 (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=lower');
@@ -659,7 +672,9 @@ INSERT INTO inner_text VALUES ('a', NULL);
 SELECT * FROM outer_text WHERE (f1, f2) NOT IN (SELECT * FROM inner_text);
 
 -- accents
+SET client_min_messages=WARNING;
 CREATE COLLATION ignore_accents (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=primary;colCaseLevel=yes', deterministic = false);
+RESET client_min_messages;
 
 CREATE TABLE test4 (a int, b text);
 INSERT INTO test4 VALUES (1, 'cote'), (2, 'côte'), (3, 'coté'), (4, 'côté');
-- 
2.34.1

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