In the future, please share the plan returned by explain analyze, and some data about how many rows in the involved tables, what type of system you are running it on, any changes from default configs, etc.
How does the below work? It should do a very simple index scan only, then aggregate the relative few rows after the fact. select station, array_agg(distinct(channel)) as channels FROM( SELECT station,channel FROM data GROUP BY station,channel ) AS sub group by station; If there is correlation between station & channel, then you might look at creating a multivariate statistics object and analyzing the table so the planner can make better choices, knowing that channel is dependent on station perhaps. I wouldn't necessarily think that it would help this query, but perhaps others. Also, you might try creating only dependencies, only ndistinct type, or some combination other than all 3 types. ref- https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createstatistics.html
