Thanks for the ideas, I tested them:
> 
> The essential question here is when the function is executed, so you should 
> use
> EXPLAIN (VERBOSE) to see that.

Append  (cost=0.00..5.12 rows=4 width=32)
  ->  Gather  (cost=0.00..1.26 rows=1 width=32)
        Output: plpgsql_function(...)
        Workers Planned: 8
        ->  Parallel Seq Scan on public.table t  (cost=0.00..1.01 rows=1 
width=174)
              Output: ...
              Filter: (t.id <http://t.id/> = 1)
  ->  Gather  (cost=0.00..1.26 rows=1 width=32)
        Output: plpgsql_function(...)
        Workers Planned: 8
        ->  Parallel Seq Scan on public.table t_1  (cost=0.00..1.01 rows=1 
width=174)
              Output: ...
              Filter: (t_1.id <http://t_1.id/> = 2)

> Possible explanations:
> 
> - The function is executed after the "Gather" node.

The question is - could we do something to fix it?

>  Perhaps you didn't define it as PARALLEL SAFE.

The function is marked as "PARALLEL RESTRICTED” because it’s uses temp tables 
(and I tested it as PARALLEL SAFE with the same result… parallelisation doesn’t 
work anyway).

> 
> - Perhaps the tables are small.

Yes, but these settings applied when the table is created:

analyze table;
set parallel_setup_cost = 0;
set parallel_tuple_cost = 0;
set force_parallel_mode = on;
alter table table set (parallel_workers = 8);

P.S. Actually, I just need to run in parallel mode one function with a set of 
different arguments to utilise all available CPUs. That’s strange but I 
couldn’t google a way to do it.

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