Don't trust NOT NULL on virtual generated columns of partitioned tables

Commit 383eb21eb taught the planner to convert a NOT IN sublink to an
anti-join when the sub-select's outputs are provably non-nullable.
Since the sub-select has not been through any planner processing at
that point, a reference to a virtual generated column is still a plain
Var, and query_outputs_are_not_nullable() relied on the column's NOT
NULL constraint to prove it non-nullable.

That is not safe for a partitioned table.  A partition can have a
generation expression different from its parent's, and it enforces the
NOT NULL constraint against its own expression, whereas a query on the
parent computes the column using the parent's expression.  So the
column can be NULL when read through the parent despite the
constraint, and the anti-join would then produce wrong results, as it
returns rows that NOT IN should have rejected.

To fix, make var_is_nonnullable() ignore the NOT NULL constraint on a
virtual generated column of a partitioned table when consulting the
catalogs.  The other sources of NOT NULL information are only used
after virtual generated columns have been expanded, so they are not
affected.

Author: Shihao Zhong <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Richard Guo <[email protected]>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/CAGRkXqR7VXacmRP41UBaM5u4aseeCH5ECVmQgn_YS=L7=xd...@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 19

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/d8444163d22e576c9f284a55eab7999ba67c4ceb

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/optimizer/util/clauses.c            | 12 ++++++++++++
src/test/regress/expected/generated_virtual.out | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/generated_virtual.sql      | 10 ++++++++++
3 files changed, 43 insertions(+)

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