Fix PlaceHolderVar placement for join alias expressions

When a join alias Var with nonempty varnullingrels expands to an
expression that cannot carry the nullingrels itself, such as the
RowExpr of a whole-row Var, add_nullingrels_if_needed() wraps it in a
PlaceHolderVar.  The choice of the PHV's phrels had several problems.

First, phrels was taken from all Vars in the expression.  If a LATERAL
subquery within the join has been pulled up, the expression can
contain lateral references to rels outside the join, so the PHV could
be evaluated above the outer join that is supposed to null it.  This
gave wrong results, or "wrong phnullingrels" errors.

Second, for a variable-free expression we fell back to the join's
relids but removed the join's own outer-join relid.  That leaves a set
spanning both sides of the outer join without the join itself, which
can make the PHV look nullable by that join and cause "wrong
phnullingrels" errors.

Third, that fallback raised "unsupported join alias expression" when
the Var is an outer reference from a subquery.  The restriction is
unnecessary: every planner caller passes root->parse as the query, so
the Var always belongs to root->parse regardless of its varlevelsup.

To fix, restrict phrels to the rels within the join, and if nothing is
left, evaluate the PHV at the join including its outer-join relid, at
any varlevelsup.  Add an assertion that the query is root->parse.

Author: Richard Guo <[email protected]>
Discussion: 
https://postgr.es/m/CAMbWs49q_gvoeOoF0+KZ-DpQaDb=ngffsgrz2v_n1_64l4z...@mail.gmail.com
Backpatch-through: 16

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/738d19d4ea14d1173b0bac764014fcb36f8f5c79

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/optimizer/util/var.c   |  26 ++--
src/test/regress/expected/join.out | 256 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/join.sql      |  80 ++++++++++++
3 files changed, 351 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

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