Add common LSN parser for user-supplied locations

pg_waldump (--start/--end), pg_recvlogical (--startpos/--endpos), and
pg_receivewal (--endpos) parsed user-supplied WAL locations with
sscanf("%X/%08X").  That accepts several forms rejected by pg_lsn input
and can proceed with a different location than the user specified:
overlong components, trailing characters, leading whitespace, signs, and
0x prefixes.

Add pg_parse_lsn() to src/common and use it for those command-line
options.  The helper accepts the pg_lsn text syntax only: one to eight
hexadecimal digits, a slash, one to eight hexadecimal digits, and no
trailing characters.  Each frontend tool keeps its existing error
message.

Use the same helper from pg_lsn_in_safe(), leaving only backend-specific
soft error reporting there.  This keeps frontend command-line validation
and backend pg_lsn input tied to one parser.

Bug: #19598
Reported-by: Michael Malis <[email protected]>
Author: Zexin Li <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Ayush Tiwari <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Fujii Masao <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/[email protected]

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/d6bf0ab1704c62f94875d25dd71c4baa1feac5be

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/adt/pg_lsn.c                | 24 ++----------
src/bin/pg_basebackup/pg_receivewal.c         |  6 +--
src/bin/pg_basebackup/pg_recvlogical.c        |  9 ++---
src/bin/pg_basebackup/t/020_pg_receivewal.pl  |  8 ++++
src/bin/pg_basebackup/t/030_pg_recvlogical.pl | 16 ++++++++
src/bin/pg_waldump/pg_waldump.c               | 10 ++---
src/bin/pg_waldump/t/001_basic.pl             | 16 ++++++++
src/common/Makefile                           |  1 +
src/common/meson.build                        |  1 +
src/common/pg_parse_lsn.c                     | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/include/common/pg_parse_lsn.h             | 20 ++++++++++
11 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

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