I would expect them to be able to co-exist in an implementation, but not both 
be used on the same token. One of the implementations that I work on supports 
both DPoP and MTLS on access tokens (as well as bearer tokens), and we use 
metadata stored in the token objects to switch between these.

 — Justin


> On Nov 12, 2021, at 11:37 AM, Dmitry Telegin 
> <dmitryt=40backbase....@dmarc.ietf.org> wrote:
> 
> As an implementer of one binding mechanism (DPoP) for the AS (Keycloak) that 
> already features another (MTLS), I'm running into the question whether we 
> should allow those two to be used simultaneously (which could be of course 
> extrapolated to other hypothetical mechanisms). By "simultaneously" I mean 
> binding a single token using both methods given that the material for both 
> has been provided with the request.
> 
> I guess currently mutual exclusivity is implied. Though in theory the "cnf" 
> section of the AT could contain both "jkt" and "x5t#S256", the mechanisms are 
> using different values for "token_type" and authentication scheme ("DPoP" for 
> DPoP, "Bearer" for MTLS, though the latter might change to "MTLS" in the 
> future) and we define no mechanism to combine them (could be "Bearer+DPoP" or 
> "DPoP+MTLS" for example, which would be valid as per RFCs 7230 and 7235).
> 
> I apologize if the question has been asked before; didn't find anything 
> relevant in the ML. The implementer of MTLS for Keycloak also voted for 
> mutually exclusive behavior.
> 
> - Dmitry
> Backbase / Keycloak
> 
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