The client ID was probably introduced to implement access control. So and so client ID cannot publish/subscribe to such topics, etc. Or, is allowed to publish/subscribe only if id and password authentication went successful, etc.
At least, in mosquitto, there is a -I switch that generates a client ID with the provided value as the prefix to the process ID running the command. This can, to an extent, ensure uniqueness. Suppose, you are monitoring the soil pH of various potted plants. The monitoring device has a client ID based on the potted plant which you would have designated in your own convenient way. That convenient way would also ensure some uniqueness just as you were taking readings off a scientific experiment. In other words, there isn't anything automatic to ensure uniqueness of client ID; the onus is probably on the 'users' of the system.
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