> For example, does 'admin' exist in /etc/passwd? What does "grep elansyssftp > /etc/group" return?
I had played a little. So it shows /bin/ksh and test user etc. /etc/passwd admin:*:1018:1018::/home/admin:/bin/ksh /etc/group admin:*:1019: elansyssftp:*:1018:test Sorry, I think that I must have ran groupadd first which brought users and groups IDs, out of sync. I am guessing, the elansyssftp group seems to have gotten the same ID as admin user, so there is no point adding it and so returns without error? The admin group is then marooned, I guess, so I broke the user namespace system. I see that system groups without users have dedicated IDs, so my bad. Is there anything to improve upon? An informational message be printed in the case of the permission already being facilitated? Obviously the return code 0 is correct. Alternatively, maybe when you add a group without an ID, a warning? Or perhaps a groupadd man page CAVEAT? Or I could just pay ultimate attention to the numbers, in the future?