> OK, thanks. After some searching based on this info and some messing 
> around, it looks like 'export TERM=ansi' and setting t_Co=8 will get me 
> limited colors in vim without screwing anything up.

Further to the excellent write-up by miod@ simply put if you're on x86
PC console any of these enables colors:

$ export TERM=wsvt25
$ export TERM=pccon

To confirm:

$ echo $TERM ; tput colors
$ tmux

These are defined in /etc/termcap

Hint: in the file search for (open|net)bsd|colou?r and Co#8|Co#256 for a
broader range of TERM capabilities.

You can also reference for an understanding what do the definitions in
/etc/termcap mean

$ man 5 terminfo
$ man 5 termcap

If you get sick of console colors and your eyes start hurting from dark
blue fg on black bg and other high-low contrast issue just set it back
to vt220:

$ export TERM=vt220

Or even better, use xterm. In X you can use

$ export TERM=xterm-256color
$ export TERM=screen-256color # slant instead of reverse highlight
$ export TERM=tmux-256color

You could also set TERM in .profile testing whether you're on the PC
console or in X, and whether you're running an interactive shell and/or
a tmux session.

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