>  can you prove False with your method?

I think the answer is no, you cannot prove False from sound definitions. 
The reason I think so is because definitions that follow the convention 
rules always have a provable justification theorem inside the full 
axiomatic system of set.mm. To prove false, you have to show that your 
definition has a justification theorem that is stronger than what set.mm 
allows. This is the way proofs of false have been produced historically so 
far, like I did in https://github.com/metamath/set.mm/pull/4909. So, if you 
only care about set.mm as a whole, then this is an axiom usage issue, but 
if you care about subsystems of set.mm (or non-set.mm systems) then it 
becomes a bigger problem.

>  It would be nice if this could be resolved by leaving metamath standard 
as is, and, for instance, improving the definition checker in mmj2 or 
metamath-knife. Seems like adding the $k token would make all the verifiers 
we wrote over the years obsolete.

Yeah , this is a problem. I guess the simplest solution is the first option 
then, which is to add the justification theorems as definition hypotheses. 
It's not super elegant, and in my eyes it fails the promise of absolute 
rigour of the metamath book, but it should work in practice.

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