Dear MARMAM community, My co-authors and I are pleased to share with you our new paper entitled "Inter‐group alliance dynamics in Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)", published in *Animal Cognition*.
This open-access paper can be viewed and downloaded here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-023-01804-y Abstract: The social intelligence hypothesis holds that complex social relationships are the major selective force underlying the evolution of large brain size and intelligence. Complex social relationships are exemplified by coalitions and alliances that are mediated by affiliative behavior, resulting in differentiated but shifting relationships. Male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, form three alliance levels or ‘orders’, primarily among non-relatives. Strategic alliance formation has been documented *within* both first- and second-order alliances and *between* second-order alliances (‘third-order alliances’), revealing that the formation of strategic inter-group alliances is not limited to humans. Here we conducted a fine-scale study on 22 adult males over a 6-year period to determine if third-order alliance relationships are differentiated, and mediated by affiliative interactions. We found third-order alliance relationships were strongly differentiated, with key individuals playing a disproportionate role in maintaining alliances. Nonetheless, affiliative interactions occurred broadly between third-order allies, indicating males maintain bonds with third-order allies of varying strength. We also documented a shift in relationships and formation of a new third-order alliance. These findings further our understanding of dolphin alliance dynamics and provide evidence that strategic alliance formation is found in all three alliance levels, a phenomenon with no peer among non-human animals. How to cite this paper: Friedman, W.R., Krützen, M., King, S.L., Allen, S.J., Gerber, L., Wittwer, S. and Connor, R.C. (2023), “Inter-group alliance dynamics in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)”, *Animal Cognition*, pp. 1–12, doi: 10.1007/s10071-023-01804-y. Best, Whitney Friedman
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