Greetings List,
Finishing up the layout on my masters thesis written with Bean ---> LyX
a terrific combo for OS X. Thanks to everybody involved in improving
and developing this wonderful program.
running LyX 1.5.5 on PPC Mac OS X 10.5.4
Problem:
When two sided document is chosen (koma-script Book Class, or Book
Class) alternating Right Left pages fails when \pagenumbering{roman}
goes to \pagenumbering{arabic}. Problem does not occur when using all
{arabic}. I tried \frontmatter and \mainmatter first but that caused
bizarre numbering with the child documents. I've attached a main file
and a child document that recreates the problem.
Question:
I am using the ragged2e package for my whole document but would like
the chapter Abstracts justified. How do I add "justified" to a single
page? (such as the abstract page of the attached child document).
Thank you for your time,
Zan
#LyX 1.5.5 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
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\begin_layout Chapter
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Annual Water and Solute Export from the Yukon River and its Tributaries
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ABSTRACT
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Annual export of eleven major and trace solutes are determined for the Yukon
River based on summing 42 tributary contributions.
First we show that annual discharge of the Yukon River at three mainstem
locations can be computed by summing calculated annual discharges from
42 tributaries.
Annual discharge for the ungaged tributaries is calculated from basin area
and average annual precipitation over that area using a previously published
regional regression equation.
Based on tributary inputs we estimate an average annual discharge for the
Yukon River of 211\InsetSpace ~
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.
This value is within 2% of the average measured annual discharge at the
USGS gaging station at Pilot Station, AK for water years 2001 through 2005.
Next, annual loads for 11 solutes are determined by combining annual discharge
with point measurements of solute concentrations in tributary river water.
Based on the sum of tributary water we find that the Yukon River discharges
approximately 33 million metric tons of dissolved solids each year at Pilot
Station.
Discharged solutes are dominated by cations calcium and magnesium (5.66x10
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and 1.42x10
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) and anions bicarbonate and sulfate (17.2x10
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and 5.42x10
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.
These loads compare well with loads calculated using the USGS computer
program LOADEST based on daily discharge and 34 instantaneous solute concentrat
ion measurements at three locations along the Yukon River.
Annual solute loads determined by summing tributary contributions show
an average difference from LOADEST calculations of 9% for eleven solutes
at three locations along the mainstem of the Yukon River.
These findings show that annual solute yields for a major subarctic river
can be determined from tributary basin contributions based on calculated
annual discharge and distributed point measurements of solute concentration.
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Introduction
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Freshwater inputs to the Arctic Ocean play an important role in nutrient
cycling along the North American and Asian continental shelfs
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.
The northern high latitudes are known to be experiencing warming at a faster
rate than the global average
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.
The observed and predicted warming of this region has motivated research
in quantifying the freshwater budget of the Arctic Ocean and predicting
how that budget is likely to change in the future.
A number of investigations have focused specifically on the transport of
water and solutes from the largest circumpolar rivers
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.
Although the Yukon River debouches into the Bering Sea some 300km south
of the Chukchi Sea region of the Arctic Ocean, bathymetric contours and
strong coastal currents favor water and sediment export north through the
Bering Strait
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The Yukon River is the fifth largest circumpolar river in terms of annual
water discharge, and carries the second greatest annual sediment load
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.
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Investigations of annual solute export from major rivers are useful for
describing integrated solute production processes occurring over large
land areas.
In the Mackenzie River Basin water chemistry correlated with mineral and
rock sources within tributary subbasins
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A more recent study by
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found that solute yields attributed to chemical weathering of silicate
minerals varied by a factor of four among tributaries and was influenced
by lithology, and abundance of soil organic matter.
In tributaries to the Lena River of eastern Siberia,
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show that net CO
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consumption from silicate mineral weathering is comparable to consumption
calculated for tropical basins.
In western Siberia, solute load correlated with permafrost distribution,
with higher loads being found in rivers having less extensive or absent
permafrost
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.
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A first step in identifying landscape controls on surface water chemistry
is to analyze solute export from individual tributaries.
There are 41 tributaries of the Yukon River draining areas greater than
1000\InsetSpace \thinspace{}
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(Table
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).
Determining individual tributary contributions to total Yukon River flow
is complicated because nearly all of these rivers are ungaged where they
enter the Yukon River mainstem.
This task is further complicated by limited water chemistry data available
for each tributary.
The quantity of solutes and sediment exported from a river basin generally
scales with the quantity of water exported, though the exact relationship
is variable
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In order to determine the contribution to Yukon River dissolved load by
tributaries the annual water export of each tributary must
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Water and Solute Export from the Yukon River and its
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Tributaries
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Zanden Arthur Frederick
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B.S.
Western Washington University, 2001
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A thesis submitted to the
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Faculty of the Graduate School of the
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University of Colorado in partial
fulfillment
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of the requirement for the degree of
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Masters of Arts
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Department
of Geography
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2008
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This thesis entitled:
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Water and Solute Export from the Yukon River and its
Tributaries
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Written by Zanden A.
Frederick
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Has been approved for the Department of Geography
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Suzanne P.
Anderson, Committee Chair
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Robert G.
Striegl, Committee Member
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John Pitlick, Committee Member
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Date
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The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and
we find that both the content and form meet acceptable presentation standards
of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline
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Frederick, Zanden A.
(M.A., Department of Geography)
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Water and Solute Export from the Yukon River and its Tributaries
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Thesis directed by Assistant Professor Suzanne P.
Anderson
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33 million metric tons of dissolved solids each year at Pilot Station.
Discharged solutes are dominated by cations calcium and magnesium (5.66x10
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) and anions bicarbonate and sulfate (17.2x10
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and 5.42x10
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.
These loads compare well with loads calculated using the USGS Loadest computer
program based on daily discharge and 34 instantaneous solute concentration
measurements at three locations along the Yukon River.
Annual solute loads determined by summing tributary contributions show
an average difference from loads calculated with Loadest of 9% for eleven
solutes at three locations along the mainstem of the Yukon River.
These findings show that annual solute yields for a major subarctic river
can be determined from tributary basin contributions based on calculated
annual discharge and distributed point measurements of solute concentration.
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