On 12/06/2026 8:28 pm, Colton Lewis wrote:
This series creates a new PMU scheme on ARM, a partitioned PMU that
allows reserving a subset of counters for more direct guest access,
significantly reducing overhead. More details, including performance
benchmarks, can be read in the v1 cover letter linked below.
An overview of what this series accomplishes was presented at KVM
Forum 2025. Slides [1] and video [2] are linked below.
The kernel command line parameter for the driver still exists, but now
only defines an upper limit of counters the guest might use rather
than taking those counters from the host permanently.
I would appreciate any discussion on whether that parameter should
still exist as it's an inconvenient enabling gate on the feature that
is no longer required. The question comes down to what, if any, guards
we want against a guest monopolizing all counters on a system.
Hi Colton,
The existence of the parameter makes sense, but can't the default be
arm_pmuv3.reserved_host_counters=0 instead of -1 (partition disabled)?
It's still a bit fiddly having to do two things to make it work, and
there's no documentation about what the defaults or other prerequisites
are. IMO it's not even trivial to work out that you need to prefix it
with "arm_pmuv3.", which documentation would improve.
Testing the whole set I ran into a few issues:
This warn is hit when there is some kind of interaction with sleeping. I
tried to bisect it but it only appears on the last commit when the
option to enable partitioning is added.
/*
* ARM pmu always has to reprogram the period, so ignore
* PERF_EF_RELOAD, see the comment below.
*/
if (flags & PERF_EF_RELOAD)
WARN_ON_ONCE(!(hwc->state & PERF_HES_UPTODATE));
Steps to reproduce:
Host (arm_pmuv3.reserved_host_counters=0):
$ sudo perf stat -C 2 -e \
'branches,branches,branches,branches,branches,branches'
$ sudo taskset --cpu-list 2 ./lkvm run --kernel \
/boot/vmlinux-7.1.0-rc7+ -m 1024 -c 1 --pmu
Guest:
$ sleep 1
WARNING: drivers/perf/arm_pmu.c:302 at cpu_pm_pmu_notify+0x278/0x2c0,
CPU#2: swapper/2/0
Call trace:
cpu_pm_pmu_notify+0x278/0x2c0 (P)
notifier_call_chain+0x84/0x1d0
raw_notifier_call_chain+0x24/0x38
cpu_pm_exit+0x34/0x68
acpi_processor_ffh_lpi_enter+0x40/0x78
acpi_idle_lpi_enter+0x54/0x78
cpuidle_enter_state+0xb4/0x248
cpuidle_enter+0x44/0x68
do_idle+0x21c/0x300
cpu_startup_entry+0x40/0x50
secondary_start_kernel+0x120/0x150
__secondary_switched+0xc0/0xc8
When running the guest on a single CPU I get different counts for the
same event for a single process, although this never happens on a host.
I think there might even be some Perf tests which expect them to be the
same, and this doesn't depend on whether any events are running on the
host or not. Not sure if you ran all the Perf selftests in a guest or not?
I'm not sure if the exception level filtering isn't working or there is
something wrong with freezing. Doesn't the host PMU driver need to
freeze with HPME? I see it's still doing it with PMCR_EL0.E which
freezes the guest's counters now doesn't it?
Host (arm_pmuv3.reserved_host_counters=0):
$ sudo taskset --cpu-list 2 ./lkvm run --kernel \
/boot/vmlinux-7.1.0-rc7+ -m 1024 -c 1 --pmu
Guest:
$ perf stat -e branches,branches true
Performance counter stats for 'true':
167963 branches
160925 branches
$ perf stat -e branches,branches,branches,branches,branches true
Performance counter stats for 'true':
164425 branches
164425 branches
164425 branches
157743 branches
157743 branches
When running the guest on two CPUs I just get zeros. Do the kvm
selftests not catch this? Or is it something to do with my setup:
Host (arm_pmuv3.reserved_host_counters=0):
$ sudo taskset --cpu-list 2-3 ./lkvm run --kernel \
/boot/vmlinux-7.1.0-rc7+ -m 1024 -c 1 --pmu
Guest:
$ perf stat -e branches,branches true
Performance counter stats for 'true':
0 branches
0 branches
I also noticed I get the "squeezed" warning printed after launching the
guest but not using Perf. This comment implies that not using counters
makes it a nop:
/*
* If we aren't guest-owned then we know the guest isn't using
* the PMU anyway, so no need to bother with the swap.
*/
if (vcpu->arch.pmu.access != VCPU_PMU_ACCESS_GUEST_OWNED)
return;
But maybe linux is touching them in a way that makes them guest owned,
even on probe? Or is the guest/host ownership tracking not working, I
didn't look too hard.
Finally I think there are 3 critical Sashiko comments on this version.
If they're false positives, then maybe some comments in the code or
commit messages could reassure it.
Thanks
James
v8:
* Rebase on top of v7.1-rc7.
* Implement Oliver Upton's accessor proposal to centralize PMU
register access and simplify trap handlers. Instead of one singular
accessor, implement as two because the read and write paths are
always different anyway.
* Introduce the partitioning flag along with the
kvm_pmu_is_partitioned predicate
* Don't use ifdef for partitioning predicates as that can be handled
by has_vhe
* Clean up MDCR_EL2 handling by open-coding use_fgt and hpmn and
unconditionally setting RES0 bits.
* Use {read,write}_pmcrcntrn in context swaps
* Put operators on preceeding lines
* Rename hw_cntr_mask to hw_cntr_impl to clarify it tracks the number
of counters implemented by hardware
* Use GENMASK_ULL in mask functions returning u64
* warn_once when host events are squeezed out by guest counter
allocations.
* Address Sashiko AI Review findings:
- Critical fixes for lazy PMU context swaps (ensuring guest state is
loaded on transition to GUEST_OWNED), PMSELR_EL0 trapping to
prevent stale selector index, and masking guest PMCR_EL0 writes to
prevent host reset.
- High priority fixes for lock safety (disabling IRQs when acquiring
perf context lock), disabling guest counters on vCPU put,
preserving VHE host profiling in MDCR_EL2, waking halted vCPUs on
guest PMU interrupts, masking host configuration leaks, preemption
safety in per-CPU accesses, emulating PMCR.N reads, and preventing
data races in PMOVSSET_EL0 accesses.
- Medium/Low fixes for user-access fallback safety, VM-wide state
modification restrictions, selftests type safety, and cleanup of
unused fields and typos.
v7:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/[email protected]/
v6:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/[email protected]/
v5:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/[email protected]/
v4:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvmarm/[email protected]/
v3:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/[email protected]/
v2:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/[email protected]/
v1:
https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/[email protected]/
[1]
https://gitlab.com/qemu-project/kvm-forum/-/raw/main/_attachments/2025/Optimizing__itvHkhc.pdf
[2]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRzZ8jMIA6M&list=PLW3ep1uCIRfxwmllXTOA2txfDWN6vUOHp&index=9
Colton Lewis (20):
arm64: cpufeature: Add cpucap for HPMN0
KVM: arm64: Reorganize PMU functions
perf: arm_pmuv3: Generalize counter bitmasks
perf: arm_pmuv3: Check cntr_mask before using pmccntr
perf: arm_pmuv3: Allocate counter indices from high to low
perf: arm_pmuv3: Add method to partition the PMU
KVM: arm64: Set up FGT for Partitioned PMU
KVM: arm64: Add Partitioned PMU register trap handlers
KVM: arm64: Set up MDCR_EL2 to handle a Partitioned PMU
KVM: arm64: Context swap Partitioned PMU guest registers
KVM: arm64: Enforce PMU event filter at vcpu_load()
perf: Add perf_pmu_resched_update()
KVM: arm64: Apply dynamic guest counter reservations
KVM: arm64: Implement lazy PMU context swaps
perf: arm_pmuv3: Handle IRQs for Partitioned PMU guest counters
KVM: arm64: Detect overflows for the Partitioned PMU
KVM: arm64: Add vCPU device attr to partition the PMU
KVM: selftests: Add find_bit to KVM library
KVM: arm64: selftests: Add test case for Partitioned PMU
KVM: arm64: selftests: Relax testing for exceptions when partitioned
Marc Zyngier (1):
KVM: arm64: Reorganize PMU includes
arch/arm/include/asm/arm_pmuv3.h | 18 +
arch/arm64/include/asm/arm_pmuv3.h | 12 +-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 17 +-
arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_types.h | 6 +-
arch/arm64/include/uapi/asm/kvm.h | 2 +
arch/arm64/kernel/cpufeature.c | 10 +-
arch/arm64/kvm/Makefile | 2 +-
arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c | 2 +
arch/arm64/kvm/config.c | 41 +-
arch/arm64/kvm/debug.c | 30 +-
arch/arm64/kvm/pmu-direct.c | 507 ++++++++++++
arch/arm64/kvm/pmu-emul.c | 684 +----------------
arch/arm64/kvm/pmu.c | 720 ++++++++++++++++++
arch/arm64/kvm/sys_regs.c | 271 +++++--
arch/arm64/tools/cpucaps | 1 +
arch/arm64/tools/sysreg | 6 +-
drivers/perf/arm_pmuv3.c | 136 +++-
include/kvm/arm_pmu.h | 93 ++-
include/linux/perf/arm_pmu.h | 8 +
include/linux/perf/arm_pmuv3.h | 14 +-
include/linux/perf_event.h | 3 +
kernel/events/core.c | 31 +-
tools/include/perf/arm_pmuv3.h | 12 +-
tools/testing/selftests/kvm/Makefile.kvm | 1 +
.../selftests/kvm/arm64/vpmu_counter_access.c | 112 ++-
tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/find_bit.c | 2 +
26 files changed, 1918 insertions(+), 823 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 arch/arm64/kvm/pmu-direct.c
create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/kvm/lib/find_bit.c
base-commit: 4549871118cf616eecdd2d939f78e3b9e1dddc48
