By default, the NamePolicy=[1] (as configured in
/usr/lib/systemd/network/99-default.link) is:

[Link]
NamePolicy=keep kernel database onboard slot path

This means that if the kernel claims to assign a predictable name, then
that will take precedence over other policies, including the "onboard"
policy, which appears to be the one you are expecting. So, maybe the
previous kernel was just issuing ethX, which is not predictable, and
"onboard" was the winning rename policy.

It's also possible that something else is renaming the interface first,
which means that the "keep" policy would take effect.

Now, I think if you want to continue relying on the "onboard" policy,
you should use a drop-in to give that policy higher priority. E.g.:

$ mkdir -p /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link.d
$ cat > /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link.d/name-policy.conf
[Link]
NamePolicy=onboard keep kernel database slot path

I think that should fix your problem.

[1]
https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/latest/systemd.link.html#NamePolicy=

** Changed in: systemd (Ubuntu)
       Status: New => Incomplete

** Also affects: linux (Ubuntu)
   Importance: Undecided
       Status: New

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2077159

Title:
  i40e interfaces renamed after upgrade from hwe-6.5

Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in netplan.io package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in systemd package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  Server running Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS

  Interface names with linux-image-6.5.0-21-generic 6.5.0-21.21~22.04.1:

  3: eno1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 9100 qdisc mq state DOWN 
mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f0
  4: eno5: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN 
mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f0
  6: eno2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq master mgmt 
state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f1
  7: eno6: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq master mgmt 
state DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f1
  8: eno3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f2
  9: eno7: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f2
  10: eno4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f3
  11: eno8: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN 
mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f3

  Interface names with linux-image-6.8.0-40-generic 6.8.0-40.40~22.04.3:

  3: eno5np0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000                     
      altname enp183s0f0np0                                                     
                                                                                
                                 
  4: eno1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 9100 qdisc mq state DOWN 
mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000                                            
                                     
      altname enp102s0f0                                                        
                                                                                
                                 
  5: enp101s0f1np1: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 9100 qdisc mq state 
DOWN mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
  6: eno2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq master mgmt 
state UP mode DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f1                                                        
                                                                                
                                 
  7: eno6np1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f1np1                                                     
                                                                                
                                 
  8: eno3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f2                                                        
                 
  9: eno7np2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f2np2                                                     
                 
  10: eno4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT 
group default qlen 1000
      altname enp102s0f3                                                        
                 
  11: eno8np3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode 
DEFAULT group default qlen 1000
      altname enp183s0f3np3

  Expected result: Static network configuration via netplan keeps
  working after the upgrade.

  Actual result: Static network configuration is no longer applied for the 
interface that changed their name.
  --- 
  ProblemType: Bug
  AlsaDevices:
   total 0
   crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116,  1 Aug 16 09:40 seq
   crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 33 Aug 16 09:40 timer
  AplayDevices: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'aplay'
  ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu82.6
  Architecture: amd64
  ArecordDevices: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'arecord'
  AudioDevicesInUse: Error: command ['fuser', '-v', '/dev/snd/seq', 
'/dev/snd/timer'] failed with exit code 1:
  CRDA: N/A
  CasperMD5json:
   {
     "result": "skip"
   }
  CloudArchitecture: x86_64
  CloudID: none
  CloudName: none
  CloudPlatform: none
  CloudSubPlatform: config
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 22.04
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2023-12-04 (260 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu-Server 22.04.2 LTS "Jammy Jellyfish" - Release 
amd64 (20230217.1)
  IwConfig: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'iwconfig'
  MachineType: Supermicro SYS-5019D-FN8TP
  Package: linux (not installed)
  PciMultimedia:
   
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=screen
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  ProcFB: 0 astdrmfb
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-6.5.0-21-generic 
root=/dev/mapper/system-root ro
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 6.5.0-21.21~22.04.1-generic 6.5.8
  RebootRequiredPkgs: Error: path contained symlinks.
  RelatedPackageVersions:
   linux-restricted-modules-6.5.0-21-generic N/A
   linux-backports-modules-6.5.0-21-generic  N/A
   linux-firmware                            20220329.git681281e4-0ubuntu3.31
  RfKill: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'rfkill'
  Tags:  jammy uec-images
  Uname: Linux 6.5.0-21-generic x86_64
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  UserGroups: N/A
  _MarkForUpload: True
  dmi.bios.date: 12/08/2022
  dmi.bios.release: 5.14
  dmi.bios.vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: 1.9
  dmi.board.asset.tag: To be filled by O.E.M.
  dmi.board.name: X11SDV-8C-TP8F
  dmi.board.vendor: Supermicro
  dmi.board.version: 1.10
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: To be filled by O.E.M.
  dmi.chassis.type: 1
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Supermicro
  dmi.chassis.version: 0123456789
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnAmericanMegatrendsInc.:bvr1.9:bd12/08/2022:br5.14:svnSupermicro:pnSYS-5019D-FN8TP:pvr0123456789:rvnSupermicro:rnX11SDV-8C-TP8F:rvr1.10:cvnSupermicro:ct1:cvr0123456789:skuTobefilledbyO.E.M.:
  dmi.product.family: To be filled by O.E.M.
  dmi.product.name: SYS-5019D-FN8TP
  dmi.product.sku: To be filled by O.E.M.
  dmi.product.version: 0123456789
  dmi.sys.vendor: Supermicro

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