Hello, I solved this problem on Artyom's system. The problem is UEFI and GRUB. 
Solution to the problem:
should get this error (just install the system)
reboot the system from the media from which the system was installed
as soon as you go to the GRUB menu, press C and write:
set root=(hdX,gptX)
where hdX - your hard drive, where is system installed
where gptX - root partition(on clean hard drive, usually, 2. gpt2
you can see your filesystem with "ls /", hard drive with "ls", see which 
version of the kernel you have: ls /boot/, then write:
linux /boot/vmlinuz-kernelversion root=/dev/sdaX
where X - number of your partition(matches gptX)
initrd /boot/initrd.img-kernelversion(it is located in the same place as the 
kernel)
boot
the system should start, after entering the system, open the terminal in any 
way, write: sudo update-grub2. Reboot. now, the system should start without the 
help of commands. thanks.

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Kernel
Packages, which is subscribed to linux in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1835664

Title:
  I can not install any Ubuntu distros in the UEFI mode (but BIOS-
  compability mode works without efforts): "Unable to install GRUB in
  /dev/sda"

Status in linux:
  Confirmed
Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  Invalid

Bug description:
  You also can see the screens that show this problem:
  https://photos.app.goo.gl/4Pimhpr8SwPerA1h7
  https://photos.app.goo.gl/kq5zV5GPrunQpT7j9
  https://photos.app.goo.gl/CqjuADV6zURpwECB6
  https://photos.app.goo.gl/xzNJ6Xt2BSGBYjXR6

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 19.10
  Package: ubiquity 19.10.5
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 5.0.0-20.21-generic 5.0.8
  Uname: Linux 5.0.0-20-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu3
  Architecture: amd64
  CasperVersion: 1.411
  Date: Sun Jul  7 18:38:45 2019
  InstallCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/casper/vmlinuz file=/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu.seed 
quiet splash ---
  LiveMediaBuild: Ubuntu 19.10 "Eoan Ermine" - Alpha amd64 (20190707)
  SourcePackage: grub-installer
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)

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