I've only been able to reproduce this on systems with an Intel IOMMU.
Disabling the IOMMU in the firmware (usually labelled "VT-d") lets the
latest 4.13 i386 kernel boot. It's also reproducible in qemu if you give
it an IOMMU, eg. "-machine q35 -device intel-iommu".

The problem is that the IDT page (0xffc00000) overlaps the FIX_BTMAPS
range. IOMMU detection tries to read ACPI tables, which eventually calls
early_ioremap, which maps an ACPI table over the IDT, and then
eventually unmaps it completely. The first kernel interrupt after that
(usually in test_wp_bit) triple-faults when it can't find the IDT.

I've built an experimental kernel with the FIX_BTMAPS vs IDT conflict
fixed at https://people.canonical.com/~wgrant/linux-
image-4.13.0-31-generic_4.13.0-31.34~16.04.1_i386.deb. It works on my
affected hardware and qemu, but it would be good to confirm that it's
the same issue that others have.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1745118

Title:
  Unable to boot with i386 4.13.0-25 / 4.13.0-26 / 4.13.0-31 kernel on
  Xenial / Artful

Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  Triaged
Status in linux source package in Artful:
  Triaged

Bug description:
  Some SRU testing node cannot boot with the latest 32bit 4.13 linux-hwe
  kernel.

  Take node "fozzie"(Dell PowerEdge R320) for example, it works with
  4.13.0-21.24~16.04.1 but not 4.13.0-25 / 4.13.0-26 / 4.13.0-31 kernel
  on Xenial.

  From the BMC console, I can see the grub menu on boot and after that
  it will drop into a boot loop.

  This can be reproduced on Artful 4.13 as well.

  Note that this kernel works for some of the node in our test pool
  (Intel SDP - Denlow)

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  Package: linux-image-4.13.0-21-generic 4.13.0-21.24~16.04.1
  ProcVersionSignature: User Name 4.13.0-21.24~16.04.1-generic 4.13.13
  Uname: Linux 4.13.0-21-generic i686
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.15
  Architecture: i386
  Date: Wed Jan 24 08:49:57 2018
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  SourcePackage: linux-hwe-edge
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  --- 
  AlsaDevices:
   total 0
   crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116,  1 Jan 24 09:17 seq
   crw-rw---- 1 root audio 116, 33 Jan 24 09:17 timer
  AplayDevices: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.15
  Architecture: i386
  ArecordDevices: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
  AudioDevicesInUse: Error: command ['fuser', '-v', '/dev/snd/seq', 
'/dev/snd/timer'] failed with exit code 1:
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  IwConfig: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
  MachineType: Dell Inc. PowerEdge R320
  Package: linux (not installed)
  PciMultimedia:
   
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  ProcFB: 0 mgadrmfb
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.13.0-21-generic 
root=UUID=0845f9a0-ab8c-4dfa-8385-af21f2f2b9ad ro
  ProcVersionSignature: User Name 4.13.0-21.24~16.04.1-generic 4.13.13
  RelatedPackageVersions:
   linux-restricted-modules-4.13.0-21-generic N/A
   linux-backports-modules-4.13.0-21-generic  N/A
   linux-firmware                             1.157.14
  RfKill: Error: [Errno 2] No such file or directory
  Tags:  xenial uec-images
  Uname: Linux 4.13.0-21-generic i686
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  UserGroups: adm audio cdrom dialout dip floppy lxd netdev plugdev sudo video
  _MarkForUpload: True
  dmi.bios.date: 05/11/2012
  dmi.bios.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: 1.2.4
  dmi.board.name: 0DY523
  dmi.board.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.board.version: A03
  dmi.chassis.type: 23
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnDellInc.:bvr1.2.4:bd05/11/2012:svnDellInc.:pnPowerEdgeR320:pvr:rvnDellInc.:rn0DY523:rvrA03:cvnDellInc.:ct23:cvr:
  dmi.product.name: PowerEdge R320
  dmi.sys.vendor: Dell Inc.

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