Just a follow up... My problem is fixed or at least figured out.
Although many with this bug have similar log output mine was definitely
hardware.  SATA hard drives have extremely fragile connectors and the
connector to this particular drive with the read only problem was
slightly pushed down by another connector. It finally broke the HD plug
socket just enough to make a bad connection.  It's practically
imperceptible until you remove the connector as see the slight movement
of the HD plug component.  I reconnected the plug and put slight
pressure underneath the component, started the computer and it fired
right up.  The system did a forced fsck and it is working with all data
present and permissions corrected.  Now I just need to dump all the data
to a new HD.

This may be an issue for some and not for others but the outcome and the
dmesg logs show ata errors on that drive.  It would be very easy to miss
the breakage since it's a very small variance, and it's bizaar that it
causes the read only problem as stated above but nothing else.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1063354

Title:
  Sudden Read-Only Filesystems

Status in “linux” package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  After upgrading to ubuntu 12.10, I experience sudden locks of my
  filesystems (I have a root and a home partition with ext4), in which
  the filesystems suddenly become mounted readonly. /var/log/syslog
  shows the following entries:

  Oct  7 20:00:42 StudioXPS signond[3510]: signondaemon.cpp 345 init Failed to 
SUID root. Secure storage will not be available.
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193555] ata1.00: exception Emask 0x0 
SAct 0x7 SErr 0x0 action 0x0
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193561] ata1.00: irq_stat 0x40000001
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193565] ata1.00: failed command: 
READ FPDMA QUEUED
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193572] ata1.00: cmd 
60/20:00:90:6f:53/00:00:1a:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq 16384 in
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193572]          res 
41/40:20:98:6f:53/00:00:1a:00:00/40 Emask 0x409 (media error) <F>
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193575] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193578] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193581] ata1.00: failed command: 
WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193587] ata1.00: cmd 
61/18:08:18:fb:0e/00:00:2b:00:00/40 tag 1 ncq 12288 out
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193587]          res 
41/40:08:98:6f:53/00:00:1a:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193590] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193593] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193596] ata1.00: failed command: 
WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193602] ata1.00: cmd 
61/d8:10:a0:bd:8b/00:00:0d:00:00/40 tag 2 ncq 110592 out
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193602]          res 
41/40:08:98:6f:53/00:00:1a:00:00/40 Emask 0x9 (media error)
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193605] ata1.00: status: { DRDY ERR }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.193607] ata1.00: error: { UNC }
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196606] ata1.00: configured for 
UDMA/100
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196622] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] Unhandled 
sense code
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196624] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196626] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK 
driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196628] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196629] Sense Key : Medium Error 
[current] [descriptor]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196633] Descriptor sense data with 
sense descriptors (in hex):
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196634]         72 03 11 04 00 00 00 
0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196642]         1a 53 6f 98
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196645] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196648] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read 
error - auto reallocate failed
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196650] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] CDB:
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196651] Read(10): 28 00 1a 53 6f 90 
00 00 20 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196658] end_request: I/O error, dev 
sda, sector 441675672
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196674] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] Unhandled 
sense code
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196676] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196678] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK 
driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196679] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196681] Sense Key : Medium Error 
[current] [descriptor]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196683] Descriptor sense data with 
sense descriptors (in hex):
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196684]         72 03 11 04 00 00 00 
0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196692]         1a 53 6f 98
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196695] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196697] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read 
error - auto reallocate failed
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196699] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] CDB:
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196700] Write(10): 2a 00 2b 0e fb 18 
00 00 18 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196706] end_request: I/O error, dev 
sda, sector 722402072
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196710] Buffer I/O error on device 
sda6, logical block 82899555
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196718] Buffer I/O error on device 
sda6, logical block 82899556
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196722] Buffer I/O error on device 
sda6, logical block 82899557
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196725] EXT4-fs warning (device 
sda6): ext4_end_bio:250: I/O error writing to inode 20709582 (offset 0 size 
12288 starting block 90300262)
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196726] JBD2: Detected IO errors 
while flushing file data on sda6-8
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196737] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] Unhandled 
sense code
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196739] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196740] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK 
driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196742] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196743] Sense Key : Medium Error 
[current] [descriptor]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196745] Descriptor sense data with 
sense descriptors (in hex):
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196746]         72 03 11 04 00 00 00 
0c 00 0a 80 00 00 00 00 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196754]         1a 53 6f 98
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196758] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda]
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196759] Add. Sense: Unrecovered read 
error - auto reallocate failed
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196761] sd 0:0:0:0: >[sda] CDB:
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196762] Write(10): 2a 00 0d 8b bd a0 
00 00 d8 00
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196768] end_request: I/O error, dev 
sda, sector 227261856
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196781] ata1: EH complete
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.196810] Aborting journal on device 
sda6-8.
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.197216] EXT4-fs error (device sda6): 
ext4_journal_start_sb:370: Detected aborted journal
  Oct  7 20:02:12 StudioXPS kernel: [  249.197219] EXT4-fs (sda6): Remounting 
filesystem read-only
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.934678] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.934691] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000078])
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.938886] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.938896] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000050])
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.939062] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:13 StudioXPS kernel: [  250.939068] ecryptfs_writepage: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000000])
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082126] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082138] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000005])
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082257] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082262] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000003])
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082376] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:02:21 StudioXPS kernel: [  259.082381] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x0000000000000000])
  Oct  7 20:05:16 StudioXPS kernel: [  433.841434] ecryptfs_encrypt_page: Error 
attempting to write lower page; rc = [-30]
  Oct  7 20:05:16 StudioXPS kernel: [  433.841448] ecryptfs_write_end: Error 
encrypting page (upper index [0x00000000000000c9])
  Oct  7 20:07:57 StudioXPS sudo: pam_ecryptfs: pam_sm_authenticate: /home/lars 
is already mounted

  The harddrive is one month old and has no defects (AFAIK). The problem
  arises anywhere between directly after boot and 3h into working. A
  remount with mount -o remount,rw is not possible and aborted with an
  error. Since I will most certainly loose data during work, this
  renders my system unusable for the moment. The problem did not occur
  when running 12.04.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 12.10
  Package: linux-image-3.5.0-17-generic 3.5.0-17.27
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 3.5.0-17.27-generic 3.5.5
  Uname: Linux 3.5.0-17-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.6.1-0ubuntu1
  Architecture: amd64
  AudioDevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/controlC1:  lars       2341 F.... pulseaudio
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  lars       2341 F.... pulseaudio
  Date: Sun Oct  7 20:00:11 2012
  EcryptfsInUse: Yes
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 12.10 "Quantal Quetzal" - Beta amd64 (20120926)
  MachineType: Dell Inc. Studio XPS 1640
  ProcFB: 0 radeondrmfb
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-3.5.0-17-generic 
root=UUID=68856248-4726-45a0-84b2-670a468cce31 ro quiet splash
  RelatedPackageVersions:
   linux-restricted-modules-3.5.0-17-generic N/A
   linux-backports-modules-3.5.0-17-generic  N/A
   linux-firmware                            1.94
  RfKill:
   0: phy0: Wireless LAN
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: yes
  SourcePackage: linux
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 11/19/2009
  dmi.bios.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: A12
  dmi.board.name: 0W497D
  dmi.board.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.board.version: A12
  dmi.chassis.type: 8
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.chassis.version: A12
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnDellInc.:bvrA12:bd11/19/2009:svnDellInc.:pnStudioXPS1640:pvrA123:rvnDellInc.:rn0W497D:rvrA12:cvnDellInc.:ct8:cvrA12:
  dmi.product.name: Studio XPS 1640
  dmi.product.version: A123
  dmi.sys.vendor: Dell Inc.

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