> & might be treated as being the same as &, but these are both > distinct from ordinary text
As far as XML is concerned, neither is "distinct from ordinary text" -- they're just representations of the & character. For comparison, consider A. XML doesn't distinguish between this and a simple capital-A character. The distinction is syntactic, not semantic. Nothing that's looking at the semantic content of XML documents should care about it... and nothing should be looking at the purely syntactic details of XML except the parser. ______________________________________ "... Three things see no end: A loop with exit code done wrong, A semaphore untested, And the change that comes along. ..." -- "Threes" Rev 1.1 - Duane Elms / Leslie Fish ( http://www.ovff.org/pegasus/songs/threes-rev-11.html)