all languages:
static vs. auto: different allocation technique and time, as already
explained;
static: allocated once, lifetime of the variable is the whole process
auto: allocated on every call of the proc or function, removed at the end
in C: keyword static to denote static variables, no keyword for auto, but:
see below
in PL/1: keywords STATIC and AUTO, defaults set by DEFAULT RANGE
(normally AUTO)
in COBOL: WORKING STORAGE, LOCAL STORAGE (I'm no COBOL wizard)
Now there are some peculiarities:
most "old" compilers put the static variables in STATIC CSECT in the
load module,
which is OK, but makes the module not reentrant (because it is changed
at runtime,
if the static variables are not constant ... you see the difference
between static
and constant)
now some new compilers (inspired by C++, where this is common or even
necessary)
allow to put the static variables in a special dynamic area called WSA
(writable static area)
allocated at process start (for every process once), so the modules stay
reentrant,
although they change their static variables. Option RENT with PL/1 and C,
don't know for COBOL.
Furthermore, there is one thing, which makes headaches with C:
the keyword "static" is also used to denote functions and variables in
the source code, that are
not external, that is, are not known to the linkage editor. This is gaga
in my opinion;
this keyword should have been "local", but the designers of C chose to reuse
"static" here, because they wanted to save keywords, and external functions
and variables are static (in the sense above), anyway.
and the last thing:
static NEVER means constant ... there are other keywords in all the
languages
to denote constant values (more or less effective).
Kind regards
Bernd
Am 17.01.2015 um 09:42 schrieb Peter Hunkeler:
I'd say that it is C that confused static with constant.
Humans would think of static data as being constant (at least constant once
loaded).
"Writeable static" is, to me, an oxymoron.
"Static" is just one of the terms used with computing that is being used with different meanings.
When I started to work on IBM mainframes in 83, the first language I go taught was PL/I. PL/I distinguishes
between "static" and "dynamic" storage for variables.
Storage for static variables, i.e. variables declared with the STATIC keyword, is
"allocated" in the so called static CSECT that becomes part of the object
module. Note that this *is* read/write storage, so in PL/I STATIC does not mean constant.
Storage for dynamic variables will be allocated at run time.
PL/I did not have constants until the advent of Enterprise PL/I. You define a
constant by defining its value via VALUE() keyword instead of the usual
INITIAL() keyword.
Also new with Enterprise PL/I is the ASSIGNABLE/NONASSIGNABLE attribute for
variables. So, STATIC as well as dynamic variables can be writable or not (i.e.
constant after being initialized).
--
Peter Hunkeler
----------------------------------------------------------------------
For IBM-MAIN subscribe / signoff / archive access instructions,
send email to [email protected] with the message: INFO IBM-MAIN
----------------------------------------------------------------------
For IBM-MAIN subscribe / signoff / archive access instructions,
send email to [email protected] with the message: INFO IBM-MAIN
