As of JDK 17 some of primitive wrappers, e.g. `Long`, `Integer`, `Double` and `Float` in their implementations of `Object.toString()` delegate to own utility `toString(primitive)` methods.
Unlike those, `Boolean`, `Byte`, `Character` and `Short` just duplicate the contents of utility methods in implementations of `Object.toString()`. Yet another issue is a tiny discrepancy in implementation related to `Byte` and `Short` (see the first): public static String toString(byte b) { return Integer.toString((int)b, 10); } public String toString() { return Integer.toString((int)value); } Unlike in overriden method, In utility one they explicitly specify radix which can be skipped, as implementation of `Integer.toString(int,int)` has a fast-path for radix 10, ending in `Integer.toString(int)`. This simplification gives tiny improvement, see benchmark: @BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime) @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) @Fork(jvmArgsAppend = {"-Xms2g", "-Xmx2g"}) public class ByteToStringBenchmark { @Benchmark public String byteToString() { return Byte.toString((byte) 1); } } Results: before Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString avgt 30 11,648 ± 1,906 ns/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.alloc.rate avgt 30 3288,576 ± 418,119 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.alloc.rate.norm avgt 30 48,001 ± 0,001 B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Eden_Space avgt 30 3301,804 ± 455,932 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Eden_Space.norm avgt 30 48,158 ± 2,085 B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Survivor_Space avgt 30 0,004 ± 0,001 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Survivor_Space.norm avgt 30 ≈ 10⁻⁴ B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.count avgt 30 202,000 counts ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.time avgt 30 413,000 ms after Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString avgt 30 10,016 ± 0,530 ns/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.alloc.rate avgt 30 3673,700 ± 167,450 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.alloc.rate.norm avgt 30 48,001 ± 0,001 B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Eden_Space avgt 30 3662,406 ± 205,978 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Eden_Space.norm avgt 30 47,870 ± 1,750 B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Survivor_Space avgt 30 0,004 ± 0,002 MB/sec ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.churn.G1_Survivor_Space.norm avgt 30 ≈ 10⁻⁴ B/op ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.count avgt 30 224,000 counts ByteToStringBenchmark.byteToString:·gc.time avgt 30 358,000 ms ------------- Commit messages: - 8269665: Clean-up toString() methods of some primitive wrappers Changes: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/4633/files Webrev: https://webrevs.openjdk.java.net/?repo=jdk&pr=4633&range=00 Issue: https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8269665 Stats: 10 lines in 4 files changed: 4 ins; 0 del; 6 mod Patch: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/4633.diff Fetch: git fetch https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk pull/4633/head:pull/4633 PR: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/4633