Interesting, that does sound like it could be the cause.

I just tried running the same benchmark on master 
(692df217ca21b6df8e4dc65538fcc90733e8900e), and I get the following results:

gc 1 @0.004s 3%: 0.009+0.41+0.049 ms clock, 0.036+0.11/0.36/0.12+0.19 ms 
cpu, 4->4->3 MB, 5 MB goal, 4 P
gc 2 @0.008s 4%: 0.008+0.80+0.035 ms clock, 0.034+0.097/0.67/0.16+0.14 ms 
cpu, 7->7->7 MB, 8 MB goal, 4 P
gc 3 @0.016s 3%: 0.010+0.91+0.044 ms clock, 0.041+0/0.31/0.79+0.17 ms cpu, 
13->15->14 MB, 15 MB goal, 4 P
gc 4 @0.032s 3%: 0.009+2.3+0.10 ms clock, 0.037+0.60/2.0/0.12+0.40 ms cpu, 
27->28->27 MB, 29 MB goal, 4 P
gc 5 @0.070s 3%: 0.010+7.6+0.068 ms clock, 0.043+0.79/5.4/8.5+0.27 ms cpu, 
51->53->51 MB, 54 MB goal, 4 P
gc 6 @0.149s 3%: 0.020+8.2+0.12 ms clock, 0.081+0.56/7.2/9.7+0.48 ms cpu, 
98->102->99 MB, 103 MB goal, 4 P
gc 7 @0.282s 4%: 0.028+21+0.082 ms clock, 0.11+10/20/1.9+0.32 ms cpu, 
190->195->190 MB, 198 MB goal, 4 P
gc 8 @0.568s 3%: 0.024+24+0.080 ms clock, 0.098+0/23/41+0.32 ms cpu, 
364->376->214 MB, 381 MB goal, 4 P
gc 9 @0.816s 3%: 0.008+27+0.072 ms clock, 0.035+0/25/34+0.29 ms cpu, 
412->420->213 MB, 428 MB goal, 4 P
gc 10 @1.064s 3%: 0.009+31+0.10 ms clock, 0.039+6.1/26/33+0.41 ms cpu, 
415->427->216 MB, 427 MB goal, 4 P

My manually calculated worst time for a call to mkMessage is 7.73812ms, 
which is much better than before. It's significantly faster than the worst 
wall clock time for the concurrent mark/scan phase, but it's also much 
slower than the worst STW phase. Do you know why this might be?

Best,
Will

On Wednesday, 19 October 2016 17:29:23 UTC+1, rhys.h...@gmail.com wrote:
>
> Yes, this sounds a lot like https://golang.org/issue/16293, where 
> goroutines that allocate memory while the garbage collector is running can 
> end up stalled for nearly the entire GC cycle, in programs where a large 
> amount of the memory is in a single allocation. For the program you've 
> shared, that would be the "channel" map. The bug is present in Go 1.5–1.7, 
> and is fixed in tip (via CL 23540).
>
> Do you still see the problem if you run the program with the current 
> development version of Go?
>
> On Wednesday, October 19, 2016 at 6:10:23 AM UTC-7, r...@golang.org wrote:
>>
>> This is likely 23540 <https://go-review.googlesource.com/#/c/23540/>.  
>>
>>
>> On Wednesday, October 19, 2016 at 8:32:18 AM UTC-4, Will Sewell wrote:
>>>
>>> Hey, I previously posted this on StackOverflow, but I was told this 
>>> mailing list would be a better forum for discussion.
>>>
>>> I am attempting to benchmark the maximum STW GC pause time for different 
>>> numbers of heap objects. To do this I have written a simple benchmark that 
>>> pushes and pops messages from a map:
>>>
>>> package main
>>>
>>> type message []byte
>>>
>>> type channel map[int]message
>>>
>>> const (
>>>     windowSize = 200000
>>>     msgCount = 1000000
>>> )
>>>
>>> func mkMessage(n int) message {
>>>     m := make(message, 1024)
>>>     for i := range m {
>>>         m[i] = byte(n)
>>>     }
>>>     return m
>>> }
>>>
>>>
>>> func pushMsg(c *channel, highID int) {
>>>     lowID := highID - windowSize
>>>     m := mkMessage(highID)
>>>     (*c)[highID] = m
>>>     if lowID >= 0 {
>>>         delete(*c, lowID)
>>>     }
>>> }
>>>
>>>
>>> func main() {
>>>     c := make(channel)
>>>     for i := 0; i < msgCount; i++ {
>>>         pushMsg(&c, i)
>>>     }
>>> }
>>>
>>> I ran this with GODEBUG=gctrace=1 <https://golang.org/pkg/runtime/>, 
>>> and on my machine the output is:
>>>
>>> gc 1 @0.004s 2%: 0.007+0.44+0.032 ms clock, 0.029+0.22/0.20/0.28+0.12 
>>> ms cpu, 4->4->3 MB, 5 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 2 @0.009s 3%: 0.007+0.64+0.042 ms clock, 0.030+0/0.53/0.18+0.17 ms 
>>> cpu, 7->7->7 MB, 8 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 3 @0.019s 1%: 0.007+0.99+0.037 ms clock, 0.031+0/0.13/1.0+0.14 ms cpu
>>> , 13->13->13 MB, 14 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 4 @0.044s 2%: 0.009+2.3+0.032 ms clock, 0.039+0/2.3/0.30+0.13 ms cpu, 
>>> 25->25->25 MB, 26 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 5 @0.081s 1%: 0.009+9.2+0.082 ms clock, 0.039+0/0.32/9.7+0.32 ms cpu, 
>>> 49->49->48 MB, 50 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 6 @0.162s 0%: 0.020+10+0.078 ms clock, 0.082+0/0.28/11+0.31 ms cpu, 
>>> 93->93->91 MB, 96 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 7 @0.289s 0%: 0.020+27+0.092 ms clock, 0.080+0/0.95/28+0.37 ms cpu, 
>>> 178->178->173 MB, 182 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 8 @0.557s 1%: 0.023+38+0.086 ms clock, 0.092+0/38/10+0.34 ms cpu, 337
>>> ->339->209 MB, 346 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 9 @0.844s 1%: 0.008+40+0.077 ms clock, 0.032+0/5.6/46+0.30 ms cpu, 
>>> 407->409->211 MB, 418 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 10 @1.100s 1%: 0.009+43+0.047 ms clock, 0.036+0/6.6/50+0.19 ms cpu, 
>>> 411->414->212 MB, 422 MB goal, 4 P
>>> gc 11 @1.378s 1%: 0.008+45+0.093 ms clock, 0.033+0/6.5/52+0.37 ms cpu, 
>>> 414->417->213 MB, 425 MB goal, 4 P
>>>
>>> My version of Go is:
>>>
>>> $ go version
>>> go version go1.7.1 darwin/amd64
>>>
>>> From the above results, the longest wall clock STW pause time is 
>>> 0.093ms. Great!
>>>
>>> However as a sanity check I also manually timed how long it took to 
>>> create a new message by wrapping mkMessage with
>>>
>>> start := time.Now()
>>> m := mkMessage(highID)
>>> elapsed := time.Since(start)
>>>
>>> and printed the slowest `elapsed` time. The time I get for this was 
>>> 38.573036ms!
>>>
>>> I was instantly suspicious because this correlated strongly with the 
>>> wall clock times in the supposedly concurrent mark/scan phase, and in 
>>> particular with "idle GC time".
>>>
>>> *My question is: why does this supposedly concurrent phase of the GC 
>>> appear to block the mutator?*
>>>
>>> If I force the GC to run at regular intervals, my manually calculated 
>>> pause times go way down to <1ms, so it appears to be hitting some kind of 
>>> limit of non-live heap objects. If so, I'm not sure what that limit is, and 
>>> why it would cause a concurrent phase of the GC to appear to block the 
>>> mutator.
>>>
>>> Thanks!
>>>
>>

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