swift 13/12/18 10:13:54
Modified: handbook-amd64.xml handbook-x86.xml
hb-install-config.xml
hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml
hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml
Log:
Fix bugs #485042 #488844 #437338
Revision Changes Path
1.159 xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml
file :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?rev=1.159&view=markup
plain:
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?rev=1.159&content-type=text/plain
diff :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?r1=1.158&r2=1.159
Index: handbook-amd64.xml
===================================================================
RCS file: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml,v
retrieving revision 1.158
retrieving revision 1.159
diff -u -r1.158 -r1.159
--- handbook-amd64.xml 11 Feb 2013 20:38:20 -0000 1.158
+++ handbook-amd64.xml 18 Dec 2013 10:13:54 -0000 1.159
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE book SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">
-<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml,v 1.158
2013/02/11 20:38:20 swift Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml,v 1.159
2013/12/18 10:13:54 swift Exp $ -->
<book>
<title>Gentoo Linux AMD64 Handbook</title>
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<values>
<key id="arch">AMD64</key>
<key id="arch-sub">x86_64</key>
- <key id="/boot">/dev/sda1</key>
+ <key id="/boot">/dev/sda2</key>
<key id="kernel-version">3.4.9</key>
<key id="kernel-name">kernel-3.4.9-gentoo</key>
<key id="genkernel-name">kernel-genkernel-amd64-3.4.9-gentoo</key>
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
<license/>
-<version>15</version>
-<date>2013-02-11</date>
+<version>16</version>
+<date>2013-12-18</date>
<part>
<title>Installing Gentoo</title>
1.180 xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml
file :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?rev=1.180&view=markup
plain:
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?rev=1.180&content-type=text/plain
diff :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml?r1=1.179&r2=1.180
Index: handbook-x86.xml
===================================================================
RCS file: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml,v
retrieving revision 1.179
retrieving revision 1.180
diff -u -r1.179 -r1.180
--- handbook-x86.xml 9 Feb 2013 08:46:08 -0000 1.179
+++ handbook-x86.xml 18 Dec 2013 10:13:54 -0000 1.180
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE book SYSTEM "/dtd/book.dtd">
-<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml,v 1.179
2013/02/09 08:46:08 swift Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/handbook-x86.xml,v 1.180
2013/12/18 10:13:54 swift Exp $ -->
<book>
<title>Gentoo Linux x86 Handbook</title>
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<values>
<key id="arch">x86</key>
<key id="arch-sub">x86</key>
- <key id="/boot">/dev/sda1</key>
+ <key id="/boot">/dev/sda2</key>
<key id="kernel-version">3.3.8</key>
<key id="kernel-name">kernel-3.3.8-gentoo</key>
<key id="genkernel-name">kernel-genkernel-x86-3.3.8-gentoo</key>
@@ -141,8 +141,8 @@
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
<license/>
-<version>15</version>
-<date>2013-02-09</date>
+<version>16</version>
+<date>2013-12-18</date>
<part>
<title>Installing Gentoo</title>
1.128 xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml
file :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml?rev=1.128&view=markup
plain:
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml?rev=1.128&content-type=text/plain
diff :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml?r1=1.127&r2=1.128
Index: hb-install-config.xml
===================================================================
RCS file: /var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v
retrieving revision 1.127
retrieving revision 1.128
diff -u -r1.127 -r1.128
--- hb-install-config.xml 17 Dec 2013 11:52:05 -0000 1.127
+++ hb-install-config.xml 18 Dec 2013 10:13:54 -0000 1.128
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
-<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.127
2013/12/17 11:52:05 swift Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-config.xml,v 1.128
2013/12/18 10:13:54 swift Exp $ -->
<sections>
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
proceed.
</abstract>
-<version>33</version>
-<date>2013-12-17</date>
+<version>34</version>
+<date>2013-12-18</date>
<section>
<title>Filesystem Information</title>
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
Now use the <e>example</e> below to create your <path>/etc/fstab</path>:
</p>
-<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='HPPA'">
+<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='HPPA' or
func:keyval('arch')='x86' or func:keyval('arch')='AMD64'">
<keyval id="/boot"/> /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 0 2
/dev/sda3 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sda4 / ext4 noatime 0 1
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0
</pre>
-<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='Alpha' or
func:keyval('arch')='MIPS' or func:keyval('arch')='x86' or
func:keyval('arch')='AMD64'">
+<pre caption="A full /etc/fstab example" test="func:keyval('arch')='Alpha' or
func:keyval('arch')='MIPS'">
<keyval id="/boot"/> /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 0 2
/dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sda3 / ext4 noatime 0 1
1.38
xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml
file :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml?rev=1.38&view=markup
plain:
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml?rev=1.38&content-type=text/plain
diff :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml?r1=1.37&r2=1.38
Index: hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml
===================================================================
RCS file:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -r1.37 -r1.38
--- hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml 18 Dec 2013 07:38:48 -0000 1.37
+++ hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml 18 Dec 2013 10:13:54 -0000 1.38
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
-<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml,v
1.37 2013/12/18 07:38:48 swift Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-bootloader.xml,v
1.38 2013/12/18 10:13:54 swift Exp $ -->
<sections>
-<version>21</version>
+<version>22</version>
<date>2013-12-18</date>
<section>
@@ -251,16 +251,16 @@
image=/boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/>
label=gentoo <comment># Name we give to this section</comment>
read-only <comment># Start with a read-only root. Do not
alter!</comment>
- root=/dev/sda3 <comment># Location of the root filesystem</comment>
+ root=/dev/sda4 <comment># Location of the root filesystem</comment>
image=/boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/>
label=gentoo.rescue <comment># Name we give to this section</comment>
read-only <comment># Start with a read-only root. Do not
alter!</comment>
- root=/dev/sda3 <comment># Location of the root filesystem</comment>
+ root=/dev/sda4 <comment># Location of the root filesystem</comment>
append="init=/bin/bb" <comment># Launch the Gentoo static rescue
shell</comment>
<comment># The next two lines are only if you dualboot with a Windows
system.</comment>
-<comment># In this case, Windows is hosted on /dev/sda6.</comment>
+<comment># In this example, Windows is hosted on /dev/sda6.</comment>
other=/dev/sda6
label=windows
</pre>
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
image=/boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/>
label=gentoo
read-only
- <i>append="real_root=/dev/sda3"</i>
+ <i>append="real_root=/dev/sda4"</i>
<i>initrd=/boot/<keyval id="genkernel-initrd" /></i>
</pre>
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
image=/boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/>
label=gentoo
read-only
- root=/dev/sda3
+ root=/dev/sda4
<i>append="video=uvesafb:mtrr,ywrap,1024x768-32@85"</i>
</pre>
@@ -355,8 +355,8 @@
<p>
The most critical part of understanding GRUB is getting comfortable with how
GRUB refers to hard drives and partitions. Your Linux partition
-<path>/dev/sda1</path> will most likely be called <path>(hd0,0)</path> under
-GRUB. Notice the parentheses around the <path>hd0,0</path> - they are
+<path>/dev/sda2</path> will most likely be called <path>(hd0,1)</path> under
+GRUB. Notice the parentheses around the <path>hd0,1</path> - they are
required.
</p>
@@ -440,16 +440,16 @@
timeout 30
<comment># Nice, fat splash-image to spice things up :)
# Comment out if you don't have a graphics card installed</comment>
-splashimage=(hd0,0)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
+splashimage=(hd0,1)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Gentoo Linux <keyval id="kernel-version"/>
<comment># Partition where the kernel image (or operating system) is
located</comment>
-root (hd0,0)
+root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/> root=/dev/sda3
title Gentoo Linux <keyval id="kernel-version"/> (rescue)
<comment># Partition where the kernel image (or operating system) is
located</comment>
-root (hd0,0)
+root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/<keyval id="kernel-name"/> root=/dev/sda3 init=/bin/bb
<comment># The next four lines are only if you dualboot with a Windows
system.</comment>
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
<pre caption="GRUB snippet for initramfs-enabled kernel builds">
title Gentoo Linux <keyval id="kernel-version"/>
-root (hd0,0)
+root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/<keyval id="kernel-version"/> <i>real_</i>root=/dev/sda3
<i>initrd /boot/<keyval id="genkernel-initrd"/></i>
</pre>
@@ -476,9 +476,9 @@
<p>
If you used a different partitioning scheme and/or kernel image, adjust
accordingly. However, make sure that anything that follows a GRUB-device (such
-as <path>(hd0,0)</path>) is relative to the mountpoint, not the root. In other
-words, <path>(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz</path> is in reality
-<path>/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz</path> since <path>(hd0,0)</path> is
+as <path>(hd0,1)</path>) is relative to the mountpoint, not the root. In other
+words, <path>(hd0,1)/grub/splash.xpm.gz</path> is in reality
+<path>/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz</path> since <path>(hd0,1)</path> is
<path>/boot</path>.
</p>
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@
For instance, if you type in "<c>root (</c>" followed by a TAB, you will
be presented with a list of devices (such as <path>hd0</path>). If you
type in "<c>root (hd0,</c>" followed by a TAB, you will receive a list
-of available partitions to choose from (such as <path>hd0,0</path>).
+of available partitions to choose from (such as <path>hd0,1</path>).
</p>
<p>
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@
</p>
<pre caption="Installing GRUB in the MBR">
-grub> <i>root (hd0,0)</i> <comment>(Specify where your /boot partition
resides)</comment>
+grub> <i>root (hd0,1)</i> <comment>(Specify where your /boot partition
resides)</comment>
grub> <i>setup (hd0)</i> <comment>(Install GRUB in the MBR)</comment>
grub> <i>quit</i> <comment>(Exit the GRUB shell)</comment>
</pre>
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@
If you want to install GRUB in a certain partition instead of the MBR,
you have to alter the <c>setup</c> command so it points to the right
partition. For instance, if you want GRUB installed in
-<path>/dev/sda3</path>, then the command becomes <c>setup (hd0,2)</c>.
+<path>/dev/sda4</path>, then the command becomes <c>setup (hd0,4)</c>.
Few users however want to do this.
</note>
1.29 xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml
file :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml?rev=1.29&view=markup
plain:
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml?rev=1.29&content-type=text/plain
diff :
http://sources.gentoo.org/viewvc.cgi/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml?r1=1.28&r2=1.29
Index: hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml
===================================================================
RCS file:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -r1.28 -r1.29
--- hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml 17 Dec 2013 10:09:49 -0000 1.28
+++ hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml 18 Dec 2013 10:13:54 -0000 1.29
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license -->
<!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 -->
-<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml,v
1.28 2013/12/17 10:09:49 swift Exp $ -->
+<!-- $Header:
/var/cvsroot/gentoo/xml/htdocs/doc/en/handbook/hb-install-x86+amd64-disk.xml,v
1.29 2013/12/18 10:13:54 swift Exp $ -->
<sections>
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
This chapter describes how to partition a disk for future usage.
</abstract>
-<version>20</version>
-<date>2013-12-17</date>
+<version>21</version>
+<date>2013-12-18</date>
<section>
<title>Introduction to Block Devices</title>
@@ -31,35 +31,89 @@
Although it is theoretically possible to use a full disk to house your Linux
system, this is almost never done in practice. Instead, full disk block devices
are split up in smaller, more manageable block devices. On <keyval id="arch"/>
-systems, these are called <e>partitions</e>.
+systems, these are called <e>partitions</e>. There are currently two standard
+partitioning technologies in use: MBR and GPT.
</p>
<p>
-Partitions are divided in three types:
-<e>primary</e>, <e>extended</e> and <e>logical</e>.
+The <e>MBR (Master Boot Record)</e> setup uses 32-bit identifiers for
+partitions, and supports three partition types: <e>primary</e>,
+<e>extended</e> and <e>logical</e>. Primary partitions have their information
+stored in the master boot record itself - a very small (usually 512 bytes)
+location at the very beginning of a disk. Due to this small space, only four
+primary partitions are supported (for instance, <path>/dev/sda1</path> to
+<path>/dev/sda4</path>).
</p>
<p>
-A <e>primary</e> partition is a partition which has its information stored in
-the MBR (master boot record). As an MBR is very small (512 bytes) only four
-primary partitions can be defined (for instance, <path>/dev/sda1</path> to
-<path>/dev/sda4</path>).
+To support more partitions, one of the primary partitions can be marked as an
+extended partition. This partition can then contain logical partitions
+(partitions within a partition).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Each partition is limited to 2 TB in size (due to the 32-bit identifiers).
+Also, the MBR setup does not provide any backup-MBR, so if an application
+or user overwrites the MBR, all partition information is lost.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+The <e>GPT (GUID Partition table)</e> setup uses 64-bit identifiers for
+the partitions. The location in which it stores the partition information
+is also much bigger than the 512 bytes of an MBR, and there is no limit on
+the amount of partitions. Also the size of a partition is bounded by a much
+greater limit (more than a few ZB - yes, zetabytes).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When a system's software interface between the operating system and firmware
+is UEFI (instead of BIOS), GPT is almost mandatory as compatibility issues will
+arise with MBR here.
</p>
<p>
-An <e>extended</e> partition is a special primary partition (meaning the
-extended partition must be one of the four possible primary partitions) which
-contains more partitions. Such a partition didn't exist originally, but as
-four partitions were too few, it was brought to life to extend the formatting
-scheme without losing backward compatibility.
+GPT also has the advantage that it has a backup GPT at the end of the disk,
+which can be used to recover damage of the primary GPT at the beginning. GPT
+also carries CRC32 checksums to detect errors in the header and partition
+tables.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection id="gpt_or_mbr">
+<title>So, GPT or MBR?</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+From the description above, one might think that using GPT should always be the
+recommended approach. But there are a few caveats with this.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Using GPT on a BIOS-based computer works, but you cannot dual-boot then with a
+Microsoft Windows operating system. The reason is that Microsoft Windows will
+boot in EFI mode if it detects a GPT partition label.
</p>
<p>
-A <e>logical</e> partition is a partition inside the extended partition. Their
-definitions aren't placed inside the MBR, but are declared inside the extended
-partition.
+Some buggy BIOSes or EFIs configured to boot in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode might also
+have problems with booting from GPT labeled disks. If that is the case, you
+might be able to work around the problem by adding the boot/active flag on the
+protective MBR partition:
</p>
+<pre caption="Enabling boot flag on protective MBR">
+# <i>fdisk /dev/sda</i>
+WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk
+doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted.
+
+Command (m for help): <i>a</i>
+Partition number (1-4): <i>1</i>
+
+Command (m for help): <i>w</i>
+</pre>
+
</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
@@ -84,7 +138,7 @@
<p>
If you are not interested in drawing up a partitioning scheme for your system,
-you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book:
+you can use the partitioning scheme we use throughout this book.
</p>
<table>
@@ -96,18 +150,24 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
+ <ti>(bootloader)</ti>
+ <ti>2M</ti>
+ <ti>BIOS boot partition</ti>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
<ti>ext2</ti>
- <ti>32M</ti>
+ <ti>128M</ti>
<ti>Boot partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
- <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
<ti>(swap)</ti>
<ti>512M or higher</ti>
<ti>Swap partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
- <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
<ti>ext4</ti>
<ti>Rest of the disk</ti>
<ti>Root partition</ti>
@@ -117,9 +177,9 @@
<p>
If you are interested in knowing how big a partition should be, or even how
many partitions you need, read on. Otherwise continue now with partitioning
-your disk by reading <uri link="#fdisk">Using fdisk to Partition your
-Disk</uri> or <uri link="#parted">Using parted to Partition your Disk</uri>
-(both are partitioning tools, <c>fdisk</c> is well known and stable,
+your disk by reading <uri link="#parted">Default: Using parted to Partition
+your Disk</uri> (or <uri link="#fdisk">Alternative: Using fdisk to Partition
+your Disk</uri>). Both are partitioning tools, <c>fdisk</c> is well known and
stable,
<c>parted</c> is a bit more recent but supports partitions larger than
2TB).
</p>
@@ -238,17 +298,264 @@
</body>
</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>What is the BIOS boot partition?</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+A BIOS boot partition is a very small (1 to 2 MB) partition in which
+bootloaders like GRUB can put additional data that doesn't fit in the
+allocated storage (a few hundred bytes in case of MBR) and cannot place
+elsewhere.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such partitions are not always necessary, but considering the low space
+consumption and the difficulties we would have with documenting the plethora
+of partitioning differences otherwise, it is recommended to create it in
+either case.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For completeness, we can say that the BIOS boot partition is needed when
+GPT partition layout is used with GRUB, or when the MBR partition layout
+is used with GRUB when the first partition starts earlier than the 1 MB
+location on the disk.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+</section>
+<section id="parted">
+<title>Default: Using parted to Partition your Disk</title>
+<subsection>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+In this chapter, we guide you through the creation of the example partition
+layout mentioned earlier in the instructions, but repeat here again for
+your convenience:
+</p>
+
+<table>
+<tr>
+ <th>Partition</th>
+ <th>Description</th>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
+ <ti>BIOS boot partition</ti>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
+ <ti>Boot partition</ti>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
+ <ti>Swap partition</ti>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
+ <ti>Root partition</ti>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+Change your partition layout according to your own preference.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>Viewing the Current Partition Layout</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+The <c>parted</c> application offers a simple interface for partitioning your
+disks and supports very large partitions (more than 2 TB). Fire up
+<c>parted</c> on your disk (in our example, we use <path>/dev/sda</path>).
+We will ask <c>parted</c> to use optimum alignment:
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Starting parted">
+# <i>parted -a optimal /dev/sda</i>
+GNU Parted 2.3
+Using /dev/vda
+Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Alignment means that partitions are started on well-known boundaries within
+the disk, ensuring that operations on the disk from the operating system level
+(retrieve pages from the disk) use the least amount of internal disk
+operations. Misaligned partitions might require the disk to fetch two pages
+instead of one even if the operating system asked for a single page.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To find out about all options supported by <c>parted</c>, type <c>help</c> and
+press return.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>Setting the GPT Label</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+Most disks on x86/amd64 are prepared using an <e>msdos</e> label. Using
+<c>parted</c>, we can put a GPT label on the disk using <c>mklabel gpt</c>:
+</p>
+
+<warn>
+Changing the partition type will remove all partitions from your disk. All data
+on the disk will be lost.
+</warn>
+
+<pre caption="Setting the GPT label">
+(parted) <i>mklabel gpt</i>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+If you want the disk to have MBR layout, use <c>mklabel msdos</c>.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>Removing all Partitions</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+If this isn't done yet (for instance through the <c>mklabel</c> operation
+earlier, or because the disk is a freshly formatted one), we will first
+remove all existing partitions from the disk. Type <c>print</c> to view the
+current partitions, and <c>rm <number></c> where <number> is the
+partition you want to remove.
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Removing a partition from the disk">
+(parted) <i>rm 2</i>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Do the same for all other partitions that you don't need. However, make sure
you
+do not make any mistakes here - <c>parted</c> executes the changes immediately
+(unlike <c>fdisk</c> which stages them, allowing a user to "undo" his changes
+before saving or exiting <c>fdisk</c>).
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>Creating the Partitions</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+Now let's create the partitions we mentioned earlier. Creating partitions with
+<c>parted</c> isn't very difficult - all we need to do is inform <c>parted</c>
+about the following settings:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ The <e>partition type</e> to use. This usually is <e>primary</e>.
+ If you use the <e>msdos</e> partition label, keep in mind that you can have
+ no more than 4 primary partitions. If you need more than 4 partitions, make
+ a partition <e>extended</e> and create <e>logical</e> partitions inside it.
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ The start location of a partition (which can be expressed in MB or GB)
+ </li>
+ <li>
+ The end location of the partition (which can be expressed in MB or GB)
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+First, we tell <c>parted</c> that the size unit we work with is megabytes
+(actually mebibytes, abbreviated as MiB which is the "standard" notation):
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Using MiB units">
+(parted) <i>unit mib</i>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Now create a 2 MB partition that will be used by the GRUB bootloader later.
+We use the <c>mkpart</c> command for this, and inform <c>parted</c> to start
+from 1 MB and end at 3 MB (creating a partition of 2 MB in size).
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Creating a 128 MB partition">
+(parted) <i>mkpart primary 1 3</i>
+(parted) <i>name 1 grub</i>
+(parted) <i>set 1 bios_grub on</i>
+(parted) <i>print</i>
+Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
+Disk /dev/sda: 20480MiB
+Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
+Partition Table: gpt
+
+Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
+ 1 1.00MiB 3.00MiB 2.00MiB grub bios_grub
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Do the same for the boot partition (128 MB), swap partition (in the example,
+512 MB) and the root partition that spans the remaining disk (for which the
+end size is marked as <c>-1</c>, meaning the end of the disk minus one MB,
+which is the farthest a partition can go).
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Creating other partitions">
+(parted) <i>mkpart primary 3 131</i>
+(parted) <i>name 2 boot</i>
+(parted) <i>mkpart primary 131 643</i>
+(parted) <i>name 3 swap</i>
+(parted) <i>mkpart primary 643 -1</i>
+(parted) <i>name 4 rootfs</i>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+The end result looks like so:
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Viewing the current partition layout">
+(parted) <i>print</i>
+Model: Virtio Block Device (virtblk)
+Disk /dev/sda: 20480MiB
+Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
+Partition Table: gpt
+
+Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
+ 1 1.00MiB 3.00MiB 2.00MiB grub bios_grub
+ 2 3.00MiB 131MiB 128MiB boot
+ 3 131MiB 643MiB 512MiB swap
+ 4 643MiB 20479MiB 19836MiB rootfs
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+When you are satisfied, use the <c>quit</c> command to exit <c>parted</c>.
+</p>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
</section>
<section id="fdisk">
-<title>Using fdisk to Partition your Disk</title>
+<title>Alternative: Using fdisk to Partition your Disk</title>
<subsection>
<body>
<impo>
If your environment will deal with partitions larger than 2 TB, please
-use the <uri link="#parted">Using parted to Partition your Disk</uri>
+use the <uri link="#parted">Default: Using parted to Partition your Disk</uri>
instructions instead. <c>fdisk</c> is not able to deal with larger
-partitions.
+partitions. Fdisk will also use the MBR partition layout. Alternative fdisk
+applications, like gdisk (which Gentoo provides through the gptfdisk package)
+exist that do support GPT, but might not be included on the Gentoo installation
+media.
</impo>
<p>
@@ -263,14 +570,18 @@
</tr>
<tr>
<ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
- <ti>Boot partition</ti>
+ <ti>BIOS boot partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
<ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
- <ti>Swap partition</ti>
+ <ti>Boot partition</ti>
</tr>
<tr>
<ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
+ <ti>Swap partition</ti>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+ <ti><path>/dev/sda4</path></ti>
<ti>Root partition</ti>
</tr>
</table>
@@ -383,18 +694,23 @@
</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
-<title>Creating the Boot Partition</title>
+<title>Creating the BIOS Boot Partition</title>
<body>
<p>
-We first create a small boot partition. Type <c>n</c> to create a new
partition,
-then <c>p</c> to select a primary partition, followed by <c>1</c> to select the
-first primary partition. When prompted for the first sector, make sure it
starts
-from <c>2048</c> (which is needed for the boot loader) and hit enter. When
+We first create a very small BIOS boot partition. Type <c>n</c> to create a new
+partition, then <c>p</c> to select a primary partition, followed by <c>1</c> to
+select the first primary partition. When prompted for the first sector, make
sure
+it starts from <c>2048</c> (which is needed for the boot loader) and hit
enter. When
prompted for the last sector, type <c>+32M</c> to create a partition 32 Mbyte
in size:
</p>
+<note>
+The start from sector 2048 is a fail-safe in case the boot loader does not
+detect this partition as being available for its use.
+</note>
+
<pre caption="Creating the boot partition">
Command (m for help): <i>n</i>
Command action
@@ -403,7 +719,43 @@
<i>p</i>
Partition number (1-4): <i>1</i>
First sector (64-10486533532, default 64): <i>2048</i>
-Last sector, +sectors +size{M,K,G} (4096-10486533532, default 10486533532):
<i>+32M</i>
+Last sector, +sectors +size{M,K,G} (4096-10486533532, default 10486533532):
<i>+2M</i>
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+Mark the partition for EFI purposes:
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Marking the partition for EFI purposes">
+Command (m for help): <i>t</i>
+Selected partition 1
+Hex code (type L to list codes): <i>ef</i>
+Changed system type of partition 1 to ef (EFI (FAT-12/16/32))
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</subsection>
+<subsection>
+<title>Creating the Boot Partition</title>
+<body>
+
+<p>
+We now create a small boot partition. Type <c>n</c> to create a new partition,
+then <c>p</c> to select a primary partition, followed by <c>2</c> to select the
+second primary partition. When prompted for the first sector, accept the
default
+by hitting enter. When prompted for the last sector, type <c>+128M</c> to
create a
+partition 128 Mbyte in size:
+</p>
+
+<pre caption="Creating the boot partition">
+Command (m for help): <i>n</i>
+Command action
+ e extended
+ p primary partition (1-4)
+<i>p</i>
+Partition number (1-4): <i>2</i>
+First sector (5198-10486533532, default 5198): <comment>(Hit enter)</comment>
+Last sector, +sectors +size{M,K,G} (4096-10486533532, default 10486533532):
<i>+128M</i>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -418,7 +770,8 @@
Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
-/dev/sda1 1 14 105808+ 83 Linux
+/dev/sda1 1 3 5198+ ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
+/dev/sda2 3 14 105808+ 83 Linux
</pre>
<p>
@@ -436,31 +789,18 @@
<p>
Let's now create the swap partition. To do this, type <c>n</c> to create a new
partition, then <c>p</c> to tell fdisk that you want a primary partition. Then
-type <c>2</c> to create the second primary partition, <path>/dev/sda2</path> in
+type <c>3</c> to create the third primary partition, <path>/dev/sda3</path> in
our case. When prompted for the first sector, hit enter. When prompted for
the last sector, type <c>+512M</c> (or any other size you need for the swap
space) to create a partition 512MB in size.
</p>
<p>
-After you've done this, type <c>t</c> to set the partition type, <c>2</c> to
select
+After you've done this, type <c>t</c> to set the partition type, <c>3</c> to
select
the partition you just created and then type in <c>82</c> to set the partition
-type to "Linux Swap". After completing these steps, typing <c>p</c> should
-display a partition table that looks similar to this:
+type to "Linux Swap".
</p>
-<pre caption="Partition listing after creating a swap partition">
-Command (m for help): <i>p</i>
-
-Disk /dev/sda: 30.0 GB, 30005821440 bytes
-240 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3876 cylinders
-Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
-
- Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
-/dev/sda1 * 1 14 105808+ 83 Linux
-/dev/sda2 15 81 506520 82 Linux swap
-</pre>
-
</body>
</subsection>
<subsection>
@@ -470,7 +810,7 @@
<p>
Finally, let's create the root partition. To do this, type <c>n</c> to create
a
new partition, then <c>p</c> to tell fdisk that you want a primary partition.
-Then type <c>3</c> to create the third primary partition,
<path>/dev/sda3</path>
+Then type <c>4</c> to create the fourth primary partition,
<path>/dev/sda4</path>
in our case. When prompted for the first sector, hit enter. When prompted for
the last sector, hit enter to create a partition that takes up the rest of the
remaining space on your disk. After completing these steps, typing <c>p</c>
@@ -485,9 +825,10 @@
Units = cylinders of 15120 * 512 = 7741440 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
-/dev/sda1 * 1 14 105808+ 83 Linux
-/dev/sda2 15 81 506520 82 Linux swap
-/dev/sda3 82 3876 28690200 83 Linux
+/dev/sda1 1 3 5198+ ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
+/dev/sda2 * 3 14 105808+ 83 Linux
+/dev/sda3 15 81 506520 82 Linux swap
+/dev/sda4 82 3876 28690200 83 Linux
</pre>
</body>
@@ -512,204 +853,6 @@
</body>
</subsection>
</section>
-<section id="parted">
-<title>Using parted to Partition your Disk</title>
-<subsection>
-<body>
-
-<p>
-In this chapter, we guide you through the creation of the example partition
-layout mentioned earlier in the instructions. Unlike the previous chapter, we
-describe the method using the <c>parted</c> application instead. Both
-<c>parted</c> and <c>fdisk</c> offer the same functions, so if you partitioned
-your system using <c>fdisk</c> already, you can skip this section and continue
-with <uri link="#filesystems">Creating Filesystems</uri>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The example partition layout we use is shown in the next table:
-</p>
-
-<table>
-<tr>
- <th>Partition</th>
- <th>Description</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <ti><path>/dev/sda1</path></ti>
- <ti>Boot partition</ti>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <ti><path>/dev/sda2</path></ti>
- <ti>Swap partition</ti>
-</tr>
-<tr>
- <ti><path>/dev/sda3</path></ti>
- <ti>Root partition</ti>
-</tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-Change your partition layout according to your own preference.
-</p>
-
-</body>
-</subsection>
-<subsection>
-<title>Viewing the Current Partition Layout</title>
-<body>
-
-<p>
-The <c>parted</c> application is a somewhat more modern variant of
-<c>fdisk</c>. It offers a simpler interface for partitioning your disks and
-supports very large partitions (more than 2 TB). Fire up <c>parted</c> on your
-disk (in our example, we use <path>/dev/sda</path>):
-</p>
-
-<pre caption="Starting parted">
-# <i>parted /dev/sda</i>
-GNU Parted 2.3
-Using /dev/vda
-Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To find out about all options supported by <c>parted</c>, type <c>help</c> and
-press return. For now, we just continue by asking <c>parted</c> to show the
-partitions currently in use on the selected disk. The <c>print</c> command can
-be used for that.
-</p>
-
-<pre caption="An example partition configuration shown by parted">
-(parted) <i>print</i>
-Model: SCSI Block Device
-Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
-Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
-Partition Table: msdos
-
-Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
- 1 512B 2148MB 2148MB primary ext4
- 2 2148MB 3222MB 1074MB primary linux-swap(v1)
- 3 3222MB 21.5GB 18.3GB primary lvm
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</subsection>
-<subsection>
-<title>Optional: Setting the GPT Label</title>
-<body>
-
-<p>
-Most disks on x86/amd64 are prepared using an <e>msdos</e> label. However, if
-you plan on creating huge partitions (2 TB and more), you must use a <e>gpt</e>
-label (the <e>GUID Partition Type</e>) for your disk. Using <c>parted</c>, this
-can be accomplished with <c>mklabel gpt</c>:
-</p>
-
-<warn>
-Changing the partition type will remove all partitions from your disk. All data
-on the disk will be lost.
-</warn>
-
-<pre caption="Setting the GPT label">
-(parted) <i>mklabel gpt</i>
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</subsection>
-<subsection>
-<title>Removing all Partitions</title>
-<body>
-
-<p>
-If this isn't done yet (for instance through the <c>mklabel</c> operation
-earlier, or because the disk is a freshly formatted one), we will first
-remove all existing partitions from the disk. Type <c>rm <number></c>
-where <number> is the partition you want to remove.
-</p>
-
-<pre caption="Removing a partition from the disk">
-(parted) <i>rm 2</i>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Do the same for all other partitions that you don't need. However, make sure
you
-do not make any mistakes here - <c>parted</c> executes the changes immediately
-(unlike <c>fdisk</c> which stages them, allowing a user to "undo" his changes
-before saving or exiting <c>fdisk</c>).
-</p>
-
-</body>
-</subsection>
-<subsection>
-<title>Creating the Partitions</title>
-<body>
-
-<p>
-Now let's create the partitions we mentioned earlier. Creating partitions with
-<c>parted</c> isn't very difficult - all we need to do is inform <c>parted</c>
-about the following settings:
-</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li>
- The <e>partition type</e> to use. This usually is <e>primary</e> in case
you
- are not going to have more than 4 partitions (with the <e>msdos</e>
- partition label). Otherwise, you will need to make your fourth partition an
- <e>extended</e> one which hosts the rest of the disk, and create
- <e>logical</e> partitions inside it. If you use a <e>gpt</e>-labeled
- partition, then there is no limit on the number of primary partitions.
- </li>
- <li>
- The <e>file system type</e> to use. The <c>parted</c> application supports
- most common file systems and knows which kind of partition ID it needs to
- use for these partitions. This does <e>not</e> mean that <c>parted</c> will
- create a file system on the partition (you can with the <c>mkpartfs</c>
- command, but we'll use the regular <c>mkfs.*</c> commands later for this
- purpose). The partition ID is often used by auto-detection tools to know
- what to do with a particular partition.
- </li>
- <li>
- The start location of a partition (which can be expressed in MB or GB)
- </li>
- <li>
- The end location of the partition (which can be expressed in MB or GB)
- </li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-One advantage of <c>parted</c> is that you can easily just use the partition
-sizes to automatically find the correct start and end location as you will see
-in the next example.
-</p>
-
-<pre caption="Creating the partitions">
-<comment># Create a 32 mbyte /boot partition</comment>
-(parted) <i>mkpart primary ext2 0 32mb</i>
-Warning: The resulting partition is not properly aligned for best performance.
-Ignore/Cancel? <i>i</i>
-
-<comment># Create a 512 mbyte swap partition</comment>
-(parted) <i>mkpart primary linux-swap 32mb 544mb</i>
-
-<comment># Create a partition that spans the remaining disk.
-# -1s (minus one s) means the end of the disk</comment>
-(parted) <i>mkpart primary ext4 544mb -1s</i>
-Warning: You requested a partition from 544MB to 21.5GB.
-The closest location we can manage is 544MB to 21.5GB.
-Is this still acceptable to you?
-Yes/No? <i>y</i>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You can now <c>print</c> the partition layout again to validate if everything
is
-as expected. When you are satisfied, use the <c>quit</c> command to exit
-<c>parted</c>.
-</p>
-
-</body>
-</subsection>
-</section>
<section id="filesystems">
<title>Creating Filesystems</title>
<subsection>
@@ -772,14 +915,14 @@
</table>
<p>
-For instance, to have the boot partition (<path>/dev/sda1</path> in our
-example) in ext2 and the root partition (<path>/dev/sda3</path> in our example)
+For instance, to have the boot partition (<path>/dev/sda2</path> in our
+example) in ext2 and the root partition (<path>/dev/sda4</path> in our example)
in ext4 (as in our example), you would use:
</p>
<pre caption="Applying a filesystem on a partition">
-# <i>mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1</i>
-# <i>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3</i>
+# <i>mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda2</i>
+# <i>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4</i>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -798,7 +941,7 @@
</p>
<pre caption="Creating a Swap signature">
-# <i>mkswap /dev/sda2</i>
+# <i>mkswap /dev/sda3</i>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -806,7 +949,7 @@
</p>
<pre caption="Activating the swap partition">
-# <i>swapon /dev/sda2</i>
+# <i>swapon /dev/sda3</i>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -828,9 +971,9 @@
</p>
<pre caption="Mounting partitions">
-# <i>mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo</i>
+# <i>mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/gentoo</i>
# <i>mkdir /mnt/gentoo/boot</i>
-# <i>mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot</i>
+# <i>mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/gentoo/boot</i>
</pre>
<note>
