The _Arg_value::_M_set method, initialized the union member, by
assigning to reference to that member produced by _M_get(*this).
However, per language rules, such assignment has undefined behavior,
if alternative was not already active, same as for any object not
within it's lifetime.

To address above, we modify _M_set to use placement new for the class
types, and invoke _S_access with two arguments for all other types.
The _S_access (rename of _S_get) is modified to assign the value of
the second parameter (if provided) to the union member. Such direct
assignments are treated specially in the language (see N5032
[class.union.general] p5), and will start lifetime of trivially default
constructible alternative.

libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:

        * include/std/format (_Arg_value::_M_get): Rename to...
        (_Arg_value::_M_access): Modified to accept optional
        second parameter that is assigned to value.
        (_Arg_value::_M_get): Handle rename.
        (_Arg_value::_M_set): Use construct_at for basic_string_view,
        handle, and two-argument _S_access for other types.

Signed-off-by: Tomasz Kamiński <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Ivan Lazaric <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: Ivan Lazaric <[email protected]>
---
v2:
- fixes typos and add mention to [class.union.general] p5 in commit
  description
- add comments to _M_set function 

Testing on x86_64-linux. All *format* test passed.
OK for trunk when all test passes?

 libstdc++-v3/include/std/format | 62 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
index b014936a21e..9b5d5d499f5 100644
--- a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
+++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/format
@@ -4212,67 +4212,70 @@ namespace __format
        { _S_get<_Tp>() = __val; }
 #endif
 
-      template<typename _Tp, typename _Self>
+      // Returns reference to the _Arg_value member with the type _Tp.
+      // Value of second argument (if provided), is assigned to that member. 
+      template<typename _Tp, typename _Self, typename... _Value>
        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
        static auto&
-       _S_get(_Self& __u) noexcept
+       _S_access(_Self& __u, _Value... __value) noexcept
        {
+         static_assert(sizeof...(_Value) <= 1);
          if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, bool>)
-           return __u._M_bool;
+           return (__u._M_bool = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _CharT>)
-           return __u._M_c;
+           return (__u._M_c = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, int>)
-           return __u._M_i;
+           return (__u._M_i = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned>)
-           return __u._M_u;
+           return (__u._M_u = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long long>)
-           return __u._M_ll;
+           return (__u._M_ll = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned long long>)
-           return __u._M_ull;
+           return (__u._M_ull = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, float>)
-           return __u._M_flt;
+           return (__u._M_flt = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, double>)
-           return __u._M_dbl;
+           return (__u._M_dbl = ... = __value);
 #ifndef _GLIBCXX_LONG_DOUBLE_ALT128_COMPAT
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, long double>)
-           return __u._M_ldbl;
+           return (__u._M_ldbl = ... = __value);
 #else
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ibm128>)
-           return __u._M_ibm128;
+           return (__u._M_ibm128 = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __ieee128>)
-           return __u._M_ieee128;
+           return (__u._M_ieee128 = ... = __value);
 #endif
 #ifdef __SIZEOF_FLOAT128__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __float128>)
-           return __u._M_float128;
+           return (__u._M_float128 = ... = __value);
 #endif
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const _CharT*>)
-           return __u._M_str;
+           return (__u._M_str = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
-           return __u._M_sv;
+           return (__u._M_sv = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, const void*>)
-           return __u._M_ptr;
+           return (__u._M_ptr = ... = __value);
 #ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __int128>)
-           return __u._M_i128;
+           return (__u._M_i128 = ... = __value);
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, unsigned __int128>)
-           return __u._M_u128;
+           return (__u._M_u128 = ... = __value);
 #endif
 #ifdef __BFLT16_DIG__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, __bflt16_t>)
-           return __u._M_bf16;
+           return (__u._M_bf16 = ... = __value);
 #endif
 #ifdef __FLT16_DIG__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float16>)
-           return __u._M_f16;
+           return (__u._M_f16 = ... = __value);
 #endif
 #ifdef __FLT32_DIG__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float32>)
-           return __u._M_f32;
+           return (__u._M_f32 = ... = __value);
 #endif
 #ifdef __FLT64_DIG__
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, _Float64>)
-           return __u._M_f64;
+           return (__u._M_f64 = ... = __value);
 #endif
          else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
            return __u._M_handle;
@@ -4283,23 +4286,28 @@ namespace __format
        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
        auto&
        _M_get() noexcept
-       { return _S_get<_Tp>(*this); }
+       { return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }
 
       template<typename _Tp>
        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
        const auto&
        _M_get() const noexcept
-       { return _S_get<_Tp>(*this); }
+       { return _S_access<_Tp>(*this); }
 
       template<typename _Tp>
        [[__gnu__::__always_inline__]]
        void
        _M_set(_Tp __v) noexcept
        {
-         if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
+         // Explicitly construct types without trivial default constructor.
+         if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, basic_string_view<_CharT>>)
+           std::construct_at(&_M_sv, __v);
+         else if constexpr (is_same_v<_Tp, handle>)
            std::construct_at(&_M_handle, __v);
          else
-           _S_get<_Tp>(*this) = __v;
+           // Builtin types, has trivial default constructor and assignment
+           // changes active member per N5032 [class.union.general] p5.
+           _S_access<_Tp>(*this, __v);
        }
       };
 
-- 
2.53.0

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