On Wed, 16 Oct 2024, Patrick Palka wrote:

> On Mon, 30 Sep 2024, Patrick Palka wrote:
> 
> > This implements the C++23 container adaptors std::flat_map and
> > std::flat_multimap from P0429R9.  The implementation is shared
> > as much as possible between the two adaptors via a common base
> > class that's parameterized according to key uniqueness.
> > 
> > The main known issues are:
> > 
> >   * the range insert() overload exceeds its complexity requirements
> >     since an idiomatic efficient implementation needs a non-buggy
> >     ranges::inplace_merge
> >   * exception safety is likely incomplete/buggy
> >   * unimplemented from_range_t constructors and insert_range function
> >   * the main workhorse function _M_try_emplace is probably buggy
> >     buggy wrt its handling of the hint parameter and could be simplified
> >   * more extensive testcases are a WIP
> > 
> > The iterator type is encoded as a {pointer, index} pair instead of an
> > {iterator, iterator} pair.  I'm not sure which encoding is preferable?
> > It seems the latter would allow for better debuggability when the
> > underlying iterators are debug iterators.
> 
> Here's v2 which adds somewhat more tests and uses the std:: algos
> instead of ranges:: algos where possible, along with some other
> very minor cleanups.

Now also available in PR form at:
https://forge.sourceware.org/gcc/gcc-TEST/pulls/9

> 
> -- >8 --
> 
> libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog:
> 
>       * include/Makefile.am: Add new header <flat_map>.
>       * include/Makefile.in: Regenerate.
>       * include/bits/stl_function.h (__transparent_comparator): Define.
>       * include/bits/utility.h (sorted_unique_t): Define for C++23.
>       (sorted_unique): Likewise.
>       (sorted_equivalent_t): Likewise.
>       (sorted_equivalent): Likewise.
>       * include/bits/version.def (flat_map): Define.
>       * include/bits/version.h: Regenerate.
>       * include/std/flat_map: New file.
>       * testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc: New test.
>       * testsuite/23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc: New test.
> ---
>  libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.am              |    1 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in              |    1 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/stl_function.h      |    6 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/utility.h           |    8 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def         |    8 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h           |   10 +
>  libstdc++-v3/include/std/flat_map             | 1475 +++++++++++++++++
>  .../testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc     |  123 ++
>  .../23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc          |  106 ++
>  9 files changed, 1738 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/include/std/flat_map
>  create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc
>  create mode 100644 libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc
> 
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.am 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.am
> index 422a0f4bd0a..632bbafa63e 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.am
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.am
> @@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ std_headers = \
>       ${std_srcdir}/deque \
>       ${std_srcdir}/execution \
>       ${std_srcdir}/filesystem \
> +     ${std_srcdir}/flat_map \
>       ${std_srcdir}/format \
>       ${std_srcdir}/forward_list \
>       ${std_srcdir}/fstream \
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in
> index 9fd4ab4848c..1ac963c4415 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/Makefile.in
> @@ -426,6 +426,7 @@ std_freestanding = \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/deque \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/execution \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/filesystem \
> +@GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/flat_map \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/format \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/forward_list \
>  @GLIBCXX_HOSTED_TRUE@        ${std_srcdir}/fstream \
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/stl_function.h 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/stl_function.h
> index c9123ccecae..c579ba9f47b 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/stl_function.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/stl_function.h
> @@ -1426,6 +1426,12 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>    template<typename _Func, typename _SfinaeType>
>      using __has_is_transparent_t
>        = typename __has_is_transparent<_Func, _SfinaeType>::type;
> +
> +#if __cpp_concepts
> +  template<typename _Func>
> +    concept __transparent_comparator
> +      = requires { typename _Func::is_transparent; };
> +#endif
>  #endif
>  
>  _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/utility.h 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/utility.h
> index 4a6c16dc2e0..9e10ce2cb1c 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/utility.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/utility.h
> @@ -308,6 +308,14 @@ _GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>     */
>    _GLIBCXX17_INLINE constexpr _Swallow_assign ignore{};
>  
> +#if __glibcxx_flat_map || __glibcxx_flat_set // >= C++23
> +  struct sorted_unique_t { explicit sorted_unique_t() = default; };
> +  inline constexpr sorted_unique_t sorted_unique{};
> +
> +  struct sorted_equivalent_t { explicit sorted_equivalent_t() = default; };
> +  inline constexpr sorted_equivalent_t sorted_equivalent{};
> +#endif
> +
>  _GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
>  } // namespace
>  
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> index 4fa820a5a4a..6f1958ac705 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.def
> @@ -1658,6 +1658,14 @@ ftms = {
>    };
>  };
>  
> +ftms = {
> +  name = flat_map;
> +  values = {
> +    v = 202207;
> +    cxxmin = 23;
> +  };
> +};
> +
>  ftms = {
>    name = formatters;
>    values = {
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> index fdbee8161d9..ecead3edb26 100644
> --- a/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/bits/version.h
> @@ -1830,6 +1830,16 @@
>  #endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_adaptor_iterator_pair_constructor) && 
> defined(__glibcxx_want_adaptor_iterator_pair_constructor) */
>  #undef __glibcxx_want_adaptor_iterator_pair_constructor
>  
> +#if !defined(__cpp_lib_flat_map)
> +# if (__cplusplus >= 202100L)
> +#  define __glibcxx_flat_map 202207L
> +#  if defined(__glibcxx_want_all) || defined(__glibcxx_want_flat_map)
> +#   define __cpp_lib_flat_map 202207L
> +#  endif
> +# endif
> +#endif /* !defined(__cpp_lib_flat_map) && defined(__glibcxx_want_flat_map) */
> +#undef __glibcxx_want_flat_map
> +
>  #if !defined(__cpp_lib_formatters)
>  # if (__cplusplus >= 202100L) && _GLIBCXX_HOSTED
>  #  define __glibcxx_formatters 202302L
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/include/std/flat_map 
> b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/flat_map
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..ff653e949db
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/include/std/flat_map
> @@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@
> +// <flat_map> -*- C++ -*-
> +
> +// Copyright The GNU Toolchain Authors.
> +//
> +// This file is part of the GNU ISO C++ Library.  This library is free
> +// software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
> +// terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
> +// Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
> +// any later version.
> +
> +// This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
> +// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
> +// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
> +// GNU General Public License for more details.
> +
> +// Under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted additional
> +// permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception, version
> +// 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
> +
> +// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and
> +// a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;
> +// see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see
> +// <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
> +
> +/** @file include/flat_map
> + *  This is a Standard C++ Library header.
> + */
> +
> +#ifndef _GLIBCXX_FLAT_MAP
> +#define _GLIBCXX_FLAT_MAP 1
> +
> +#ifdef _GLIBCXX_SYSHDR
> +#pragma GCC system_header
> +#endif
> +
> +#define __glibcxx_want_flat_map
> +#include <bits/version.h>
> +
> +#ifdef __cpp_lib_flat_map // >= C++23
> +
> +#include <compare>
> +#include <initializer_list>
> +
> +#include <algorithm>
> +#include <exception>
> +#include <functional>
> +#include <optional>
> +#include <ranges>
> +#include <type_traits>
> +#include <vector>
> +#include <bits/functexcept.h>
> +#include <bits/stl_function.h>  // std::less
> +#include <bits/stl_pair.h>
> +
> +namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)
> +{
> +_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_VERSION
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer>
> +    class flat_map;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer>
> +    class flat_multimap;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, bool _Multi>
> +    class _Flat_map_impl
> +    {
> +      static_assert(is_same_v<_Key, typename _KeyContainer::value_type>);
> +      static_assert(is_same_v<_Tp, typename _MappedContainer::value_type>);
> +
> +      static_assert(is_nothrow_swappable_v<_KeyContainer>);
> +      static_assert(is_nothrow_swappable_v<_MappedContainer>);
> +
> +      using _Derived = __conditional_t<_Multi,
> +                                    flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare,
> +                                                  _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>,
> +                                    flat_map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare,
> +                                             _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>>;
> +      using __sorted_t = __conditional_t<_Multi, sorted_equivalent_t, 
> sorted_unique_t>;
> +
> +    public:
> +      template<bool _Const> struct _Iterator;
> +
> +      using key_type                = _Key;
> +      using mapped_type             = _Tp;
> +      using value_type              = pair<key_type, mapped_type>;
> +      using key_compare             = _Compare;
> +      using reference               = pair<const key_type&, mapped_type&>;
> +      using const_reference         = pair<const key_type&, const 
> mapped_type&>;
> +      using size_type               = size_t;
> +      using difference_type         = ptrdiff_t;
> +      using iterator                = _Iterator<false>;
> +      using const_iterator          = _Iterator<true>;
> +      using reverse_iterator        = std::reverse_iterator<iterator>;
> +      using const_reverse_iterator  = std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator>;
> +      using key_container_type      = _KeyContainer;
> +      using mapped_container_type   = _MappedContainer;
> +
> +    private:
> +      using __emplace_result_t = __conditional_t<_Multi, iterator, 
> pair<iterator, bool>>;
> +
> +    public:
> +      class value_compare
> +      {
> +     [[no_unique_address]] key_compare _M_comp;
> +     value_compare(key_compare __c) : _M_comp(__c) { }
> +
> +      public:
> +     bool
> +     operator()(const_reference __x, const_reference __y) const
> +     { return _M_comp(__x.first, __y.first); }
> +
> +     friend _Flat_map_impl;
> +      };
> +
> +      struct containers
> +      {
> +     key_container_type keys;
> +     mapped_container_type values;
> +      };
> +
> +      // constructors
> +      _Flat_map_impl() : _Flat_map_impl(key_compare()) { }
> +
> +      explicit
> +      _Flat_map_impl(const key_compare& __comp)
> +      : _M_cont(), _M_comp(__comp)
> +      { }
> +
> +      _Flat_map_impl(key_container_type __key_cont,
> +                  mapped_container_type __mapped_cont,
> +                  const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +      : _M_cont(std::move(__key_cont), std::move(__mapped_cont)), 
> _M_comp(__comp)
> +      {
> +     __glibcxx_assert(_M_cont.keys.size() == _M_cont.values.size());
> +     _M_sort_uniq();
> +      }
> +
> +      _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t,
> +                  key_container_type __key_cont,
> +                  mapped_container_type __mapped_cont,
> +                  const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +      : _M_cont(std::move(__key_cont), std::move(__mapped_cont)), 
> _M_comp(__comp)
> +      { __glibcxx_assert(_M_cont.keys.size() == _M_cont.values.size()); }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +     : _M_cont(), _M_comp(__comp)
> +     { insert(__first, __last); }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +     : _M_cont(), _M_comp(__comp)
> +     { insert(__s, __first, __last); }
> +
> +      // TODO: Implement from_range_t constructors.
> +
> +      _Flat_map_impl(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                  const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +      : _Flat_map_impl(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp)
> +      { }
> +
> +      _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                  initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                  const key_compare& __comp = key_compare())
> +      : _Flat_map_impl(__s, __il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp)
> +      { }
> +
> +      // constructors with allocators
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     explicit
> +     _Flat_map_impl(const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(const key_compare& __comp, const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _M_cont(std::make_obj_using_allocator<key_container_type>(__a),
> +               std::make_obj_using_allocator<mapped_container_type>(__a)),
> +       _M_comp(__comp)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(const key_container_type& __key_cont,
> +                    const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__key_cont, __mapped_cont, key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(const key_container_type& __key_cont,
> +                    const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _M_cont(std::make_obj_using_allocator<key_container_type>(__a, 
> __key_cont),
> +               std::make_obj_using_allocator<mapped_container_type>(__a, 
> __mapped_cont)),
> +       _M_comp(__comp)
> +     {
> +       __glibcxx_assert(_M_cont.keys.size() == _M_cont.values.size());
> +       _M_sort_uniq();
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    const key_container_type& __key_cont,
> +                    const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__s, __key_cont, __mapped_cont, key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    const key_container_type& __key_cont,
> +                    const mapped_container_type& __mapped_cont,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _M_comp(__comp),
> +       _M_cont(std::make_obj_using_allocator<key_container_type>(__a, 
> __key_cont),
> +               std::make_obj_using_allocator<mapped_container_type>(__a, 
> __mapped_cont))
> +     { __glibcxx_assert(_M_cont.keys.size() == _M_cont.values.size()); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(const _Derived& __x, const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _M_comp(__x._M_comp),
> +       _M_cont(std::make_obj_using_allocator<containers>(__a, __x._M_cont))
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(_Derived&& __x, const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _M_comp(__x._M_comp),
> +       _M_cont(std::make_obj_using_allocator<containers>(__a, 
> std::move(__x._M_cont)))
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Alloc,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(std::move(__first), std::move(__last), key_compare(), 
> __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Alloc,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__comp, __a)
> +     { insert(__first, __last); }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Alloc,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__s, std::move(__first), std::move(__last), 
> key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Alloc,
> +            typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__comp, __a)
> +     { insert(__s, __first, __last); }
> +
> +      // TODO: Implement allocator-aware from_range_t constructors.
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__il, key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__s, __il.begin(), __il.end(), key_compare(), __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      template<typename _Alloc>
> +     _Flat_map_impl(__sorted_t __s,
> +                    initializer_list<value_type> __il,
> +                    const key_compare& __comp,
> +                    const _Alloc& __a)
> +     : _Flat_map_impl(__s, __il.begin(), __il.end(), __comp, __a)
> +     { }
> +
> +      _Derived&
> +      operator=(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
> +      {
> +     clear();
> +     insert(__il);
> +     return static_cast<_Derived&>(*this);
> +      }
> +
> +      // iterators
> +      iterator
> +      begin() noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cbegin()}; }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      begin() const noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cbegin()}; }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      end() noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cend()}; }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      end() const noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cend()}; }
> +
> +      reverse_iterator
> +      rbegin() noexcept
> +      { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
> +
> +      const_reverse_iterator
> +      rbegin() const noexcept
> +      { return const_reverse_iterator(end()); }
> +
> +      reverse_iterator
> +      rend() noexcept
> +      { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
> +
> +      const_reverse_iterator
> +      rend() const noexcept
> +      { return const_reverse_iterator(begin()); }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      cbegin() const noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cbegin()}; }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      cend() const noexcept
> +      { return {this, _M_cont.keys.cend()}; }
> +
> +      const_reverse_iterator
> +      crbegin() const noexcept
> +      { return const_reverse_iterator(cend()); }
> +
> +      const_reverse_iterator
> +      crend() const noexcept
> +      { return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin()); }
> +
> +      // capacity
> +      [[nodiscard]] bool
> +      empty() const noexcept
> +      { return _M_cont.keys.empty(); }
> +
> +      size_type
> +      size() const noexcept
> +      { return _M_cont.keys.size(); }
> +
> +      size_type
> +      max_size() const noexcept
> +      { return std::min<size_type>(keys().max_size(), values().max_size()); }
> +
> +      // element access
> +      // operator[] and at defined directly in class flat_map only.
> +
> +      // modifiers
> +      template<typename _Key2, typename... _Args>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     _M_try_emplace(optional<const_iterator> __hint, _Key2&& __k, _Args&&... 
> __args)
> +     {
> +       // TODO: Simplify and audit the hint handling.
> +       typename key_container_type::iterator __key_it;
> +       int __r = -1, __s = -1;
> +       if (__hint.has_value()
> +           && (__hint == cbegin()
> +               || (__r = !_M_comp(__k, (*__hint)[-1].first))) // k >= 
> hint[-1]
> +           && (__hint == cend()
> +               || (__s = !_M_comp((*__hint)[0].first, __k)))) // k <= hint[0]
> +         {
> +           __key_it = _M_cont.keys.begin() + __hint->_M_index;
> +           if constexpr (!_Multi)
> +             if (__r == 1 && !_M_comp(__key_it[-1], __k)) // k == hint[-1]
> +               return {iterator{this, __key_it - 1}, false};
> +         }
> +       else
> +         {
> +           auto __first = _M_cont.keys.begin();
> +           auto __last = _M_cont.keys.end();
> +           if (__r == 1) // k >= hint[-1]
> +             __first += __hint->_M_index;
> +           else if (__r == 0) // k < __hint[-1]
> +             __last = __first + __hint->_M_index;
> +           if constexpr (_Multi)
> +             {
> +               if (__s == 0) // hint[0] < k
> +                 // Insert before the leftmost equivalent key.
> +                 __key_it = std::lower_bound(__first, __last, __k, _M_comp);
> +               else
> +                 // Insert after the rightmost equivalent key.
> +                 __key_it = 
> std::upper_bound(std::make_reverse_iterator(__last),
> +                                             
> std::make_reverse_iterator(__first),
> +                                             __k, 
> std::not_fn(_M_comp)).base();
> +             }
> +           else
> +             __key_it = std::lower_bound(__first, __last, __k, _M_comp);
> +         }
> +
> +       if constexpr (!_Multi)
> +         if (__key_it != _M_cont.keys.end() && !_M_comp(__k, __key_it[0]))
> +           return {iterator{this, __key_it}, false};
> +
> +       __key_it = _M_cont.keys.insert(__key_it, std::move(__k));
> +       __try
> +         {
> +           auto __value_it = _M_cont.values.begin() + (__key_it - 
> _M_cont.keys.begin());
> +           _M_cont.values.emplace(__value_it, 
> std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
> +         }
> +       __catch(...)
> +         {
> +           _M_cont.keys.erase(__key_it);
> +           __throw_exception_again;
> +         }
> +       return {iterator{this, __key_it}, true};
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<value_type, _Args...>
> +     __emplace_result_t
> +     emplace(_Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       value_type __p(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
> +       auto __r = _M_try_emplace(nullopt, std::move(__p.first), 
> std::move(__p.second));
> +       if constexpr (_Multi)
> +         return __r.first;
> +       else
> +         return __r;
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     iterator
> +     emplace_hint(const_iterator __position, _Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       value_type __p(std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
> +       return _M_try_emplace(__position, std::move(__p.first), 
> std::move(__p.second)).first;
> +     }
> +
> +      __emplace_result_t
> +      insert(const value_type& __x)
> +      { return emplace(__x); }
> +
> +      __emplace_result_t
> +      insert(value_type&& __x)
> +      { return emplace(std::move(__x)); }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      insert(const_iterator __position, const value_type& __x)
> +      { return emplace_hint(__position, __x); }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      insert(const_iterator __position, value_type&& __x)
> +      { return emplace_hint(__position, std::move(__x)); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Arg>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<value_type, _Arg>
> +     __emplace_result_t
> +     insert(_Arg&& __x)
> +     { return emplace(std::forward<_Arg>(__x)); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Arg>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<value_type, _Arg>
> +     iterator
> +     insert(const_iterator __position, _Arg&& __x)
> +     { return emplace_hint(__position, std::forward<_Arg>(__x)); }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename = 
> _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     void
> +     insert(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
> +     {
> +       // FIXME: This implementation fails its complexity requirements.
> +       // We can't idiomatically implement an efficient version (as in the
> +       // disabled code) until ranges::inplace_merge is fixed to dispatch
> +       // on iterator concept instead of iterator category.
> +#if 0
> +       auto __n = size();
> +       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
> +         {
> +           value_type __value = *__first;
> +           _M_cont.keys.emplace_back(std::move(__value.first));
> +           _M_cont.values.emplace_back(std::move(__value.second));
> +         }
> +       auto __zv = views::zip(_M_cont.keys, _M_cont.values);
> +       ranges::sort(__zv.begin() + __n, __zv.end(), value_comp());
> +       ranges::inplace_merge(__zv.begin(), __zv.begin() + __n, __zv.end(), 
> value_comp());
> +       if constexpr (!_Multi)
> +         _M_unique();
> +#else
> +       for (; __first != __last; ++__first)
> +         {
> +           value_type __value = *__first;
> +           _M_cont.keys.emplace_back(std::move(__value.first));
> +           _M_cont.values.emplace_back(std::move(__value.second));
> +         }
> +       _M_sort_uniq();
> +#endif
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _InputIterator, typename = 
> _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>>
> +     void
> +     insert(__sorted_t, _InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
> +     {
> +       // FIXME: This implementation fails its complexity requirements; see 
> above.
> +       insert(std::move(__first), std::move(__last));
> +     }
> +
> +      // TODO: Implement insert_range.
> +
> +      void
> +      insert(initializer_list<value_type> __il)
> +      { insert(__il.begin(), __il.end()); }
> +
> +      void
> +      insert(__sorted_t __s, initializer_list<value_type> __il)
> +      { insert(__s, __il.begin(), __il.end()); }
> +
> +      containers
> +      extract() &&
> +      {
> +     struct _Guard
> +     {
> +       _Guard(_Flat_map_impl* __m) : _M_m(__m) { }
> +
> +       ~_Guard() { _M_m->clear(); }
> +
> +       _Flat_map_impl* _M_m;
> +     } __clear_guard = {this};
> +     return {std::move(_M_cont.keys), std::move(_M_cont.values)};
> +      }
> +
> +      void
> +      replace(key_container_type&& __key_cont, mapped_container_type&& 
> __mapped_cont)
> +      {
> +     __glibcxx_assert(__key_cont.size() == __mapped_cont.size());
> +     __try
> +       {
> +         _M_cont.keys = std::move(__key_cont);
> +         _M_cont.values = std::move(__mapped_cont);
> +       }
> +       __catch(...)
> +       {
> +         clear();
> +         __throw_exception_again;
> +       }
> +      }
> +
> +      // try_emplace defined directly in class flat_map only.
> +      // insert_or_assign defined directly in class flat_map only.
> +
> +      iterator
> +      erase(iterator __position)
> +      { return erase(static_cast<const_iterator>(__position)); }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      erase(const_iterator __position)
> +      {
> +     auto __idx = __position._M_index;
> +     auto __it = _M_cont.keys.erase(_M_cont.keys.begin() + __idx);
> +     _M_cont.values.erase(_M_cont.values.begin() + __idx);
> +     return iterator{this, __it};
> +      }
> +
> +      size_type
> +      erase(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return erase<const key_type&>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Key2>, _Key>
> +       || (__transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +           && !is_convertible_v<_Key2, iterator>
> +           && !is_convertible_v<_Key2, const_iterator>)
> +     size_type
> +     erase(_Key2&& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(std::forward<_Key2>(__x));
> +       auto __n = __last - __first;
> +       erase(__first, __last);
> +       return __n;
> +     }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      erase(const_iterator __first, const_iterator __last)
> +      {
> +     auto __it = _M_cont.keys.erase(_M_cont.keys.begin() + __first._M_index,
> +                                    _M_cont.keys.begin() + __last._M_index);
> +     _M_cont.values.erase(_M_cont.values.begin() + __first._M_index,
> +                          _M_cont.values.begin() + __last._M_index);
> +     return iterator{this, __it};
> +      }
> +
> +      void
> +      swap(_Derived& __x) noexcept
> +      {
> +     using std::swap;
> +     swap(_M_cont, __x._M_cont);
> +     swap(_M_comp, __x._M_comp);
> +      }
> +
> +      void
> +      clear() noexcept
> +      {
> +     _M_cont.keys.clear();
> +     _M_cont.values.clear();
> +      }
> +
> +      // observers
> +      key_compare
> +      key_comp() const
> +      { return _M_comp; }
> +
> +      value_compare
> +      value_comp() const
> +      { return value_compare(key_comp()); }
> +
> +      const key_container_type&
> +      keys() const noexcept
> +      { return _M_cont.keys; }
> +
> +      const mapped_container_type&
> +      values() const noexcept
> +      { return _M_cont.values; }
> +
> +      // map operations
> +      iterator
> +      find(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return find<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      find(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return find<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     iterator
> +     find(const _Key2& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto __it = lower_bound(__x);
> +       if (__it != end() && !_M_comp(__x, __it->first))
> +         return __it;
> +       else
> +         return end();
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     const_iterator
> +     find(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       auto __it = lower_bound(__x);
> +       if (__it != cend() && !_M_comp(__x, __it->first))
> +         return __it;
> +       else
> +         return cend();
> +     }
> +
> +      size_type
> +      count(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return count<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     size_type
> +     count(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       if constexpr (!_Multi && same_as<_Key2, _Key>)
> +         return contains(__x);
> +       else
> +         {
> +           auto [__first, __last] = equal_range(__x);
> +           return __last - __first;
> +         }
> +     }
> +
> +      bool
> +      contains(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return contains<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     bool
> +     contains(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     { return find(__x) != cend(); }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      lower_bound(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return lower_bound<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      lower_bound(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return lower_bound<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     iterator
> +     lower_bound(const _Key2& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto __it = std::lower_bound(_M_cont.keys.begin(), _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                    __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {this, __it};
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     const_iterator
> +     lower_bound(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       auto __it = std::lower_bound(_M_cont.keys.begin(), _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                    __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {this, __it};
> +     }
> +
> +      iterator
> +      upper_bound(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return upper_bound<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      const_iterator
> +      upper_bound(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return upper_bound<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     iterator
> +     upper_bound(const _Key2& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto __it = std::upper_bound(_M_cont.keys.begin(), _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                    __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {this, __it};
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     const_iterator
> +     upper_bound(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       auto __it = std::upper_bound(_M_cont.keys.begin(), _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                    __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {this, __it};
> +     }
> +
> +      pair<iterator, iterator>
> +      equal_range(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return equal_range<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
> +      equal_range(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return equal_range<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     pair<iterator, iterator>
> +     equal_range(const _Key2& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto [__first, __last] = std::equal_range(_M_cont.keys.begin(),
> +                                                 _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                                 __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {{this, __first}, {this, __last}};
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     pair<const_iterator, const_iterator>
> +     equal_range(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       auto [__first, __last] = std::equal_range(_M_cont.keys.begin(),
> +                                                 _M_cont.keys.end(),
> +                                                 __x, _M_comp);
> +       return {{this, __first}, {this, __last}};
> +     }
> +
> +      friend bool
> +      operator==(const _Derived& __x, const _Derived& __y)
> +      { return std::equal(__x.begin(), __x.end(), __y.begin(), __y.end()); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Up = value_type>
> +     friend __detail::__synth3way_t<_Up>
> +     operator<=>(const _Derived& __x, const _Derived& __y)
> +     {
> +       return std::lexicographical_compare_three_way(__x.begin(), __x.end(),
> +                                                     __y.begin(), __y.end(),
> +                                                     __detail::__synth3way);
> +     }
> +
> +      friend void
> +      swap(_Derived& __x, _Derived& __y) noexcept
> +      { return __x.swap(__y); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Predicate>
> +     friend size_type
> +     erase_if(_Derived& __c, _Predicate __pred)
> +     {
> +       __try
> +         {
> +           auto __zv = views::zip(__c._M_cont.keys, __c._M_cont.values);
> +           auto __sr = ranges::remove_if(__zv, __pred);
> +           auto __erased = __sr.size();
> +           __c.erase(__c.end() - __erased, __c.end());
> +           return __erased;
> +         }
> +       __catch(...)
> +         {
> +           __c.clear();
> +           __throw_exception_again;
> +         }
> +     }
> +
> +    private:
> +      containers _M_cont;
> +      [[no_unique_address]] _Compare _M_comp;
> +
> +      void
> +      _M_sort_uniq()
> +      {
> +     auto __zv = views::zip(_M_cont.keys, _M_cont.values);
> +     ranges::sort(__zv, value_comp());
> +     if constexpr (!_Multi)
> +       _M_unique();
> +      }
> +
> +      void
> +      _M_unique() requires (!_Multi)
> +      {
> +     struct __key_equiv
> +     {
> +       __key_equiv(key_compare __c) : _M_comp(__c) { }
> +
> +       bool
> +       operator()(const_reference __x, const_reference __y) const
> +       { return !_M_comp(__x.first, __y.first) && !_M_comp(__y.first, 
> __x.first); }
> +
> +       [[no_unique_address]] key_compare _M_comp;
> +     };
> +
> +     auto __zv = views::zip(_M_cont.keys, _M_cont.values);
> +     auto __it = ranges::unique(__zv, __key_equiv(_M_comp)).begin();
> +     auto __n = __it - __zv.begin();
> +     _M_cont.keys.erase(_M_cont.keys.begin() + __n, _M_cont.keys.end());
> +     _M_cont.values.erase(_M_cont.values.begin() + __n, 
> _M_cont.values.end());
> +      }
> +    };
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, bool _Multi>
> +  template<bool _Const>
> +    class _Flat_map_impl<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer, _Multi>::_Iterator
> +    {
> +      using __size_type = typename _Flat_map_impl::size_type;
> +
> +    public:
> +      using iterator_category = input_iterator_tag;
> +      using iterator_concept  = random_access_iterator_tag;
> +      using value_type        = pair<const key_type, mapped_type>;
> +      using reference         = pair<const key_type&,
> +                                  ranges::__maybe_const_t<_Const, 
> mapped_type>&>;
> +      using difference_type   = ptrdiff_t;
> +
> +      _Iterator() = default;
> +
> +      _Iterator(_Iterator<!_Const> __it) requires _Const
> +      : _M_cont(__it._M_cont), _M_index(__it._M_index)
> +      { }
> +
> +      reference
> +      operator*() const noexcept
> +      { return {_M_cont->keys[_M_index], _M_cont->values[_M_index]}; }
> +
> +      struct pointer
> +      {
> +     reference __p;
> +
> +     const reference*
> +     operator->() const noexcept
> +     { return std::__addressof(__p); }
> +      };
> +
> +      pointer
> +      operator->() const
> +      { return pointer{operator*()}; }
> +
> +      reference
> +      operator[](difference_type __n) const noexcept
> +      { return *(*this + __n); }
> +
> +      _Iterator&
> +      operator++() noexcept
> +      {
> +     ++_M_index;
> +     return *this;
> +      }
> +
> +      _Iterator&
> +      operator--() noexcept
> +      {
> +     --_M_index;
> +     return *this;
> +      }
> +
> +      _Iterator
> +      operator++(int) noexcept
> +      {
> +     auto __tmp = *this;
> +     ++*this;
> +     return __tmp;
> +      }
> +
> +      _Iterator
> +      operator--(int) noexcept
> +      {
> +     auto __tmp = *this;
> +     --*this;
> +     return __tmp;
> +      }
> +
> +      _Iterator&
> +      operator+=(difference_type __n) noexcept
> +      {
> +     _M_index += __n;
> +     return *this;
> +      }
> +
> +      _Iterator&
> +      operator-=(difference_type __n) noexcept
> +      {
> +     _M_index -= __n;
> +     return *this;
> +      }
> +
> +    private:
> +      friend _Flat_map_impl;
> +      friend _Iterator<!_Const>;
> +
> +      _Iterator(_Flat_map_impl* __fm, typename 
> key_container_type::const_iterator __it)
> +      requires (!_Const)
> +      : _M_cont(std::__addressof(__fm->_M_cont)), _M_index(__it - 
> __fm->keys().cbegin())
> +      { }
> +
> +      _Iterator(const _Flat_map_impl* __fm, typename 
> key_container_type::const_iterator __it)
> +      requires _Const
> +      : _M_cont(std::__addressof(__fm->_M_cont)), _M_index(__it - 
> __fm->keys().cbegin())
> +      { }
> +
> +      friend _Iterator
> +      operator+(_Iterator __it, difference_type __n) noexcept
> +      {
> +     __it += __n;
> +     return __it;
> +      }
> +
> +      friend _Iterator
> +      operator+(difference_type __n, _Iterator __it) noexcept
> +      {
> +     __it += __n;
> +     return __it;
> +      }
> +
> +      friend _Iterator
> +      operator-(_Iterator __it, difference_type __n) noexcept
> +      {
> +     __it -= __n;
> +     return __it;
> +      }
> +
> +      friend difference_type
> +      operator-(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y) noexcept
> +      {
> +     __glibcxx_assert(__x._M_cont == __y._M_cont);
> +     return __x._M_index - __y._M_index;
> +      }
> +
> +      friend bool
> +      operator==(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y) noexcept
> +      {
> +     __glibcxx_assert(__x._M_cont == __y._M_cont);
> +     __glibcxx_assert((__x._M_index == size_t(-1)) == (__y._M_index == 
> size_t(-1)));
> +     return __x._M_index == __y._M_index;
> +      }
> +
> +      friend strong_ordering
> +      operator<=>(const _Iterator& __x, const _Iterator& __y)
> +      {
> +     __glibcxx_assert(__x._M_cont == __y._M_cont);
> +     __glibcxx_assert((__x._M_index == size_t(-1)) == (__y._M_index == 
> size_t(-1)));
> +     return __x._M_index <=> __y._M_index;
> +      }
> +
> +      ranges::__maybe_const_t<_Const, containers>* _M_cont = nullptr;
> +      __size_type _M_index = -1;
> +    };
> +
> +  /* Class template flat_map - container adaptor
> +   *
> +   * @ingroup
> +   */
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename _KeyContainer = vector<_Key>,
> +        typename _MappedContainer = vector<_Tp>>
> +    class flat_map
> +    : private _Flat_map_impl<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer, false>
> +    {
> +      using _Impl = _Flat_map_impl<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer, false>;
> +      friend _Impl;
> +
> +    public:
> +      // types
> +      using typename _Impl::key_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::mapped_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::value_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::key_compare;
> +      using typename _Impl::reference;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_reference;
> +      using typename _Impl::size_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::difference_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::reverse_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_reverse_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::key_container_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::mapped_container_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::value_compare;
> +      using typename _Impl::containers;
> +
> +      // constructors
> +      using _Impl::_Impl;
> +
> +      // iterators
> +      using _Impl::begin;
> +      using _Impl::end;
> +      using _Impl::rbegin;
> +      using _Impl::rend;
> +
> +      using _Impl::cbegin;
> +      using _Impl::cend;
> +      using _Impl::crbegin;
> +      using _Impl::crend;
> +
> +      // capacity
> +      using _Impl::empty;
> +      using _Impl::size;
> +      using _Impl::max_size;
> +
> +      // element access
> +      mapped_type&
> +      operator[](const key_type& __x)
> +      { return operator[]<const key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      mapped_type&
> +      operator[](key_type&& __x)
> +      { return operator[]<key_type>(std::move(__x)); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Key2>, _Key> || 
> __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     mapped_type&
> +     operator[](_Key2&& __x)
> +     { return try_emplace(std::forward<_Key2>(__x)).first->second; }
> +
> +      mapped_type&
> +      at(const key_type& __x)
> +      { return at<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      const mapped_type&
> +      at(const key_type& __x) const
> +      { return at<key_type>(__x); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     mapped_type&
> +     at(const _Key2& __x)
> +     {
> +       auto __it = this->find(__x);
> +       if (__it == this->end())
> +         __throw_out_of_range("flat_map::at");
> +       return __it->second;
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2>
> +     requires same_as<_Key2, _Key> || __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +     const mapped_type&
> +     at(const _Key2& __x) const
> +     {
> +       auto __it = this->find(__x);
> +       if (__it == this->end())
> +         __throw_out_of_range("flat_map::at");
> +       return __it->second;
> +     }
> +
> +      // modifiers
> +      using _Impl::emplace;
> +      using _Impl::emplace_hint;
> +      using _Impl::insert;
> +      // using _Impl::insert_range;
> +      using _Impl::extract;
> +      using _Impl::replace;
> +      using _Impl::erase;
> +      using _Impl::swap;
> +      using _Impl::clear;
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     try_emplace(const key_type& __k, _Args&&... __args)
> +     { return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(nullopt, __k, 
> std::forward<_Args>(__args)...); }
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     try_emplace(key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(nullopt, std::move(__k),
> +                                    std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2, typename... _Args>
> +     requires __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +       && is_constructible_v<key_type, _Key2>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +       && (!is_convertible_v<_Key2&&, const_iterator>)
> +       && (!is_convertible_v<_Key2&&, iterator>)
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     try_emplace(_Key2&& __k, _Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(nullopt, std::forward<_Key2>(__k),
> +                                    std::forward<_Args>(__args)...);
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +     iterator
> +     try_emplace(const_iterator __hint, const key_type& __k, _Args&&... 
> __args)
> +     { return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(__hint, __k, 
> std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first; }
> +
> +      template<typename... _Args>
> +     requires is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +     iterator
> +     try_emplace(const_iterator __hint, key_type&& __k, _Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(__hint, std::move(__k),
> +                                    std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2, typename... _Args>
> +     requires __transparent_comparator<_Compare>
> +       && is_constructible_v<key_type, _Key2>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Args...>
> +     iterator
> +     try_emplace(const_iterator __hint, _Key2&& __k, _Args&&... __args)
> +     {
> +       return _Impl::_M_try_emplace(__hint, std::forward<_Key2>(__k),
> +                                    std::forward<_Args>(__args)...).first;
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Mapped>
> +     requires is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     insert_or_assign(const key_type& __k, _Mapped&& __obj)
> +     { return insert_or_assign<const key_type&, _Mapped>(__k, 
> std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj)); }
> +
> +      template<typename _Mapped>
> +     requires is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     insert_or_assign(key_type&& __k, _Mapped&& __obj)
> +     {
> +       return insert_or_assign<key_type, _Mapped>(std::move(__k),
> +                                                  
> std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj));
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2, typename _Mapped>
> +     requires (same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Key2>, _Key> || 
> __transparent_comparator<_Compare>)
> +       && is_constructible_v<key_type, _Key2>
> +       && is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     pair<iterator, bool>
> +     insert_or_assign(_Key2&& __k, _Mapped&& __obj)
> +     {
> +       auto __r = _Impl::_M_try_emplace(nullopt, std::forward<_Key2>(__k),
> +                                        std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj));
> +       if (!__r.second)
> +         __r.first->second = std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj);
> +       return __r;
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Mapped>
> +     requires is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     iterator
> +     insert_or_assign(const_iterator __hint, const key_type& __k, _Mapped&& 
> __obj)
> +     {
> +       return insert_or_assign<const key_type&, _Mapped>(__hint, __k,
> +                                                         
> std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj));
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Mapped>
> +     requires is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     iterator
> +     insert_or_assign(const_iterator __hint, key_type&& __k, _Mapped&& __obj)
> +     {
> +       return insert_or_assign<key_type, _Mapped>(__hint, std::move(__k),
> +                                                  
> std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj));
> +     }
> +
> +      template<typename _Key2, typename _Mapped>
> +     requires (same_as<remove_cvref_t<_Key2>, _Key> || 
> __transparent_comparator<_Compare>)
> +       && is_constructible_v<key_type, _Key2>
> +       && is_assignable_v<mapped_type&, _Mapped>
> +       && is_constructible_v<mapped_type, _Mapped>
> +     iterator
> +     insert_or_assign(const_iterator __hint, _Key2&& __k, _Mapped&& __obj)
> +     {
> +       auto __r = _Impl::_M_try_emplace(__hint, std::forward<_Key2>(__k),
> +                                        std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj));
> +       if (!__r.second)
> +         __r.first->second = std::forward<_Mapped>(__obj);
> +       return __r.first;
> +     }
> +
> +      // observers
> +      using _Impl::key_comp;
> +      using _Impl::value_comp;
> +      using _Impl::keys;
> +      using _Impl::values;
> +
> +      // map operations
> +      using _Impl::find;
> +      using _Impl::count;
> +      using _Impl::contains;
> +      using _Impl::lower_bound;
> +      using _Impl::upper_bound;
> +      using _Impl::equal_range;
> +    };
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer,
> +        typename _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_map(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Compare, typename _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_map(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer,
> +        typename _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(sorted_unique_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare = 
> _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_map(sorted_unique_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Compare, typename _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_map(sorted_unique_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare, 
> _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_map<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +             _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Compare = 
> less<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>>,
> +        typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>, __iter_val_t<_InputIterator>, 
> _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Compare = 
> less<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>>,
> +        typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(sorted_unique_t, _InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = 
> _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>, __iter_val_t<_InputIterator>, 
> _Compare>;
> +
> +  // TODO: Implement from_range_t deduction guides.
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_map(sorted_unique_t, initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Compare = 
> _Compare())
> +    -> flat_map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename _Alloc>
> +    struct uses_allocator<flat_map<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>, _Alloc>
> +    : bool_constant<uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Alloc>
> +                 && uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Alloc>>
> +    { };
> +
> +  /* Class template flat_multimap - container adaptor
> +   *
> +   * @ingroup
> +   */
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename _KeyContainer = vector<_Key>,
> +        typename _MappedContainer = vector<_Tp>>
> +    class flat_multimap
> +    : private _Flat_map_impl<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer, true>
> +    {
> +      using _Impl = _Flat_map_impl<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer, true>;
> +      friend _Impl;
> +
> +    public:
> +      // types
> +      using typename _Impl::key_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::mapped_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::value_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::key_compare;
> +      using typename _Impl::reference;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_reference;
> +      using typename _Impl::size_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::difference_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::reverse_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::const_reverse_iterator;
> +      using typename _Impl::key_container_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::mapped_container_type;
> +      using typename _Impl::value_compare;
> +      using typename _Impl::containers;
> +
> +      // constructors
> +      using _Impl::_Impl;
> +
> +      // iterators
> +      using _Impl::begin;
> +      using _Impl::end;
> +      using _Impl::rbegin;
> +      using _Impl::rend;
> +
> +      using _Impl::cbegin;
> +      using _Impl::cend;
> +      using _Impl::crbegin;
> +      using _Impl::crend;
> +
> +      // capacity
> +      using _Impl::empty;
> +      using _Impl::size;
> +      using _Impl::max_size;
> +
> +      // modifiers
> +      using _Impl::emplace;
> +      using _Impl::emplace_hint;
> +      using _Impl::insert;
> +      // using _Impl::insert_range;
> +      using _Impl::extract;
> +      using _Impl::replace;
> +      using _Impl::erase;
> +      using _Impl::swap;
> +      using _Impl::clear;
> +
> +      // observers
> +      using _Impl::key_comp;
> +      using _Impl::value_comp;
> +      using _Impl::keys;
> +      using _Impl::values;
> +
> +      // map operations
> +      using _Impl::find;
> +      using _Impl::count;
> +      using _Impl::contains;
> +      using _Impl::lower_bound;
> +      using _Impl::upper_bound;
> +      using _Impl::equal_range;
> +    };
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer,
> +        typename _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Compare, typename _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_multimap(_KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, _Compare, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer,
> +        typename _Compare = less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, 
> _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, 
> _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  less<typename _KeyContainer::value_type>, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename 
> _Compare, typename _Alloc,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>,
> +        typename = _RequireAllocator<_Alloc>>
> +    flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer, 
> _Compare, _Alloc)
> +    -> flat_multimap<typename _KeyContainer::value_type, typename 
> _MappedContainer::value_type,
> +                  _Compare, _KeyContainer, _MappedContainer>;
> +
> +  template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Compare = 
> less<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>>,
> +        typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(_InputIterator, _InputIterator, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>, 
> __iter_val_t<_InputIterator>, _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _InputIterator, typename _Compare = 
> less<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>>,
> +        typename = _RequireInputIter<_InputIterator>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, _InputIterator, _InputIterator, 
> _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<__iter_key_t<_InputIterator>, 
> __iter_val_t<_InputIterator>, _Compare>;
> +
> +  // TODO: Implement from_range_t deduction guides.
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare = less<_Key>,
> +        typename = _RequireNotAllocator<_Compare>>
> +    flat_multimap(sorted_equivalent_t, initializer_list<pair<_Key, _Tp>>, 
> _Compare = _Compare())
> +    -> flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare>;
> +
> +  template<typename _Key, typename _Tp, typename _Compare,
> +        typename _KeyContainer, typename _MappedContainer, typename _Alloc>
> +    struct uses_allocator<flat_multimap<_Key, _Tp, _Compare, _KeyContainer, 
> _MappedContainer>,
> +                       _Alloc>
> +    : bool_constant<uses_allocator_v<_KeyContainer, _Alloc>
> +                 && uses_allocator_v<_MappedContainer, _Alloc>>
> +    { };
> +
> +_GLIBCXX_END_NAMESPACE_VERSION
> +} // namespace std
> +#endif // __cpp_lib_flat_map
> +#endif // _GLIBCXX_FLAT_MAP
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc 
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..1e387a3ad90
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_map/1.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
> +// { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
> +
> +#include <flat_map>
> +#include <deque>
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +#if __cpp_lib_flat_map != 202207L
> +# error "Feature-test macro __cpp_lib_flat_map has wrong value in <flat_map>"
> +#endif
> +
> +template<template<class> class Sequence>
> +void
> +test01()
> +{
> +  std::flat_map<int, int, std::less<int>, Sequence<int>, Sequence<int>> m;
> +  static_assert( std::ranges::random_access_range<decltype(m)> );
> +
> +  m.insert({1,-1});
> +  m.insert({2,-2});
> +  m.insert({3,-3});
> +  m.insert({1,-4});
> +  m.insert({2,-5});
> +  m.insert({3,-6});
> +  m.insert({0, 0});
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 4 );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){0, 1, 2, 3}) );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){0, -1, -2, -3}) );
> +
> +  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
> +    {
> +      m.clear();
> +      m.insert(m.end(), {0, 0});
> +      m.insert(m.end(), {1,-1});
> +      m.insert(m.end(), {2,-2});
> +      m.insert(m.end(), {3,-3});
> +      m.insert(m.begin() + i, {1,-4});
> +      m.insert(m.begin() + i, {2,-5});
> +      m.insert(m.begin() + i, {3,-6});
> +      m.insert(m.begin() + i, {0,-7});
> +      VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){0, 1, 2, 3}) );
> +      VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){0, -1, -2, -3}) );
> +    }
> +
> +  m.clear();
> +  m = {{10,0},{10,1}};
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 1 );
> +  m.insert({{11,2},{12,3},{11,4}});
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 3 );
> +  VERIFY( m[10] == 0 );
> +  VERIFY( m[11] == 2 );
> +  VERIFY( m[12] == 3 );
> +  m[20] = 42;
> +  VERIFY( m[20] == 42 );
> +  VERIFY( m.end()[-1] == std::pair(20,42) );
> +}
> +
> +void
> +test02()
> +{
> +  std::flat_map<int, int, std::greater<int>> m;
> +  static_assert( std::ranges::random_access_range<decltype(m)> );
> +
> +  auto r = m.insert({1,-1});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 1 && r.first->second == -1 && r.second );
> +  r = m.insert({2,-2});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 2 && r.first->second == -2 && r.second );
> +  r = m.insert({3,-3});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 3 && r.first->second == -3 && r.second );
> +  r = m.insert({1,-4});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 1 && r.first->second == -1 && !r.second );
> +  r = m.insert({2,-5});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 2 && r.first->second == -2 && !r.second );
> +  r = m.insert({3,-6});
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 3 && r.first->second == -3 && !r.second );
> +  r = m.insert_or_assign(0, 0);
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 0 && r.first->second == 0 && r.second );
> +  r = m.insert_or_assign(0, 1);
> +  VERIFY( r.first->first == 0 && r.first->second == 1 && !r.second );
> +  VERIFY( *m.insert_or_assign(m.end(), 0, 2) == std::pair(0, 2) );
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 4 );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){3, 2, 1, 0}) );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){-3, -2, -1, 2}) );
> +
> +  VERIFY( m.contains(3) && !m.contains(7) );
> +  VERIFY( m.count(3) == 1 );
> +}
> +
> +void
> +test03()
> +{
> +  std::flat_map<int, int> m;
> +  m = {std::pair(1, 2), {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
> +  m.insert({std::pair(7, 8), {9, 10}});
> +
> +  auto it = m.find(0);
> +  VERIFY( it == m.end() );
> +  it = m.find(9);
> +  VERIFY( it->second == 10 );
> +
> +  const auto n = m;
> +  VERIFY( m == m );
> +  VERIFY( m == n );
> +
> +  m.erase(m.begin());
> +  m.erase(5);
> +  m.erase(m.end()-2, m.end());
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m, (std::pair<int, int>[]){{3, 4}}) );
> +  VERIFY( m != n );
> +  VERIFY( n < m );
> +
> +  m = n;
> +  erase_if(m, [](const auto& x) { auto [k, v] = x; return k < 5 || k > 5; });
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m, (std::pair<int, int>[]){{5, 6}}) );
> +}
> +
> +int
> +main()
> +{
> +  test01<std::vector>();
> +  test01<std::deque>();
> +  test02();
> +  test03();
> +}
> diff --git a/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc 
> b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc
> new file mode 100644
> index 00000000000..d9732e2afa6
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/libstdc++-v3/testsuite/23_containers/flat_multimap/1.cc
> @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
> +// { dg-do run { target c++23 } }
> +
> +#include <flat_map>
> +#include <deque>
> +#include <testsuite_hooks.h>
> +
> +template<template<class> class Sequence>
> +void
> +test01()
> +{
> +  std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::less<int>, Sequence<int>, Sequence<int>> 
> m;
> +  static_assert( std::ranges::random_access_range<decltype(m)> );
> +
> +  m.insert({1,-1});
> +  m.insert({2,-2});
> +  m.insert({3,-3});
> +  m.insert({1,-4});
> +  m.insert({2,-5});
> +  m.insert({3,-6});
> +  m.insert({0, 0});
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 7 );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}) );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){0, -1, -4, -2, -5, -3, -6}) 
> );
> +
> +  m.clear();
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {0, 0});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {1,-1});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {2,-2});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {3,-3});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {1,-4});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {2,-5});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {3,-6});
> +  m.insert(m.begin(), {0,-7});
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3}) );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){-7, 0, -4, -1, -5, -2, -6, 
> -3}) );
> +
> +  m.clear();
> +  m = {{10,0},{10,1}};
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 2 );
> +  m.insert({{11,2},{12,3},{11,4}});
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 5 );
> +  VERIFY( m.end()[-1] == std::pair(12,3) );
> +}
> +
> +void
> +test02()
> +{
> +  std::flat_multimap<int, int, std::greater<int>> m;
> +  static_assert( std::ranges::random_access_range<decltype(m)> );
> +
> +  auto r = m.insert({1,-1});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 1 && r->second == -1 );
> +  r = m.insert({2,-2});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 2 && r->second == -2 );
> +  r = m.insert({3,-3});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 3 && r->second == -3 );
> +  r = m.insert({1,-4});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 1 && r->second == -4 );
> +  r = m.insert({2,-5});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 2 && r->second == -5 );
> +  r = m.insert({3,-6});
> +  VERIFY( r->first == 3 && r->second == -6 );
> +  VERIFY( m.size() == 6 );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.keys(), (int[]){3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1}) );
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m.values(), (int[]){-3, -6, -2, -5, -1, -4}) );
> +
> +  VERIFY( m.contains(3) && !m.contains(7) );
> +  VERIFY( m.count(3) == 2 );
> +}
> +
> +void
> +test03()
> +{
> +  std::flat_multimap<int, int> m;
> +  m = {std::pair(1, 2), {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
> +  m.insert({std::pair(7, 8), {9, 10}});
> +
> +  auto it = m.find(0);
> +  VERIFY( it == m.end() );
> +  it = m.find(9);
> +  VERIFY( it->second == 10 );
> +
> +  const auto n = m;
> +  VERIFY( m == m );
> +  VERIFY( m == n );
> +
> +  m.erase(m.begin());
> +  m.erase(5);
> +  m.erase(m.end()-2, m.end());
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m, (std::pair<int, int>[]){{3, 4}}) );
> +  VERIFY( m != n );
> +  VERIFY( n < m );
> +
> +  m = n;
> +  erase_if(m, [](const auto& x) { auto [k, v] = x; return k < 5 || k > 5; });
> +  VERIFY( std::ranges::equal(m, (std::pair<int, int>[]){{5, 6}}) );
> +}
> +
> +int
> +main()
> +{
> +  test01<std::vector>();
> +  test01<std::deque>();
> +  test02();
> +  test03();
> +}
> -- 
> 2.47.0.86.g15030f9556
> 

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