On 9/18/23 13:21, Jakub Jelinek wrote:
Here is an updated version of the patch.
Compared to the last version, based on the discussion in the PR, the patch
1) warns (but only that) if size()/data() methods aren't declared
    constexpr/consteval (or implicitly constexpr)

The language requirements also seem to be satisfied by

constexpr const char msg[] = "foo";
struct A { constexpr int operator () () { return sizeof(msg); } };
struct B { constexpr const char * operator()() { return msg; } };
struct C {
  A size;
  B data;
};
constexpr int i = C().size();
constexpr const char *p = C().data();
static_assert (false, C());

constexpr int size() { return sizeof(msg); }
constexpr const char *data() { return msg; }
struct D {
  int (*size)() = ::size;
  const char *(*data)() = ::data;
};
constexpr int di = D().size();
constexpr const char *dp = D().data();
static_assert (false, D());

so we shouldn't assume that size/data are methods.

2) as I don't see a function which would determine if some expression
    is core constant expression (for the data() case), the patch just as an
    optimization tries to fold_nondependent_expr msg.data() expression
    quietly, if it is a constant expression, passes it to c_getstr if len > 0
    and if successful, only tries to constant expression evaluate
    msg.data()[0] and msg.data()[len - 1], otherwise it will constant
    expression evaluate the characters one by one;
    for the len == 0 case, it will fold_nondependent_expr + check result is
    integer_zero_node for (msg.data(), 0) which I think should fail if
    msg.data() is not a core constant expression, but succeed if it is
    even if it is not constant expression

Sounds good.

3) already the earlier version of the patch was passing
    manifestly_const_eval=true argument, you said in the PR you've raised
    it in CWG, I've newly added testsuite coverage for that

CWG agreed with this direction.

--- gcc/cp/semantics.cc.jj      2023-09-05 17:26:51.849921954 +0200
+++ gcc/cp/semantics.cc 2023-09-18 14:31:55.269431759 +0200
@@ -11388,11 +11389,77 @@ finish_static_assert (tree condition, tr
if (check_for_bare_parameter_packs (condition))
      condition = error_mark_node;
+  if (check_for_bare_parameter_packs (message))
+    return;
+
+  if (TREE_CODE (message) != STRING_CST
+      && !type_dependent_expression_p (message))
+    {
+      message_sz
+       = finish_class_member_access_expr (message,
+                                          get_identifier ("size"),
+                                          false, tf_none);
+      if (TREE_CODE (message_sz) != COMPONENT_REF)
+       message_sz = error_mark_node;
+      if (message_sz != error_mark_node)
+       message_sz = build_new_method_call (message,
+                                           TREE_OPERAND (message_sz, 1),
+                                           NULL, NULL_TREE, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
+                                           NULL, tf_none);

This should probably use finish_call_expr instead of build_new_method_call because of my example above, and also so you don't need to pull out the TREE_OPERAND or check the result of name lookup.

+      message_data
+       = finish_class_member_access_expr (message,
+                                          get_identifier ("data"),
+                                          false, tf_none);
+      if (TREE_CODE (message_data) != COMPONENT_REF)
+       message_data = error_mark_node;
+      if (message_data != error_mark_node)
+       message_data = build_new_method_call (message,
+                                             TREE_OPERAND (message_data, 1),
+                                             NULL, NULL_TREE, LOOKUP_NORMAL,
+                                             NULL, tf_none);

Likewise.

+      if (message_sz == error_mark_node
+         || message_data == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         error_at (location, "%<static_assert%> message must be a string "
+                             "literal or object with %<size()%> and "
+                             "%<data()%> members");

This diagnostic should be just if the calls to finish_class_member_access_expr fail; better to get the normal diagnostics from finish_call_expr if the calls fail for whatever reason.

+         return;
+       }
+      if (tree s
+         = cp_get_callee_fndecl_nofold (extract_call_expr (message_sz)))
+       if (!DECL_DECLARED_CONSTEXPR_P (s))
+         warning_at (location, 0, "%<static_assert%> message %qs "
+                                  "member not %<constexpr%>", "size()");
+      message_sz = perform_implicit_conversion (size_type_node, message_sz,
+                                               tf_none);

This should probably use build_converted_constant_expr?

+      if (message_sz == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         error_at (location, "%<static_assert%> message %<size()%> member "
+                             "function must be implicitly convertible to "
+                             "%<std::size_t%>");
+         return;
+       }
+      if (tree d
+         = cp_get_callee_fndecl_nofold (extract_call_expr (message_data)))
+       if (!DECL_DECLARED_CONSTEXPR_P (d))
+         warning_at (location, 0, "%<static_assert%> message %qs "
+                                  "member not %<constexpr%>", "data()");
+      message_data = perform_implicit_conversion (const_string_type_node,
+                                                 message_data, tf_none);
+      if (message_data == error_mark_node)
+       {
+         error_at (location, "%<static_assert%> message %<data()%> member "
+                             "function must be implicitly convertible to "
+                             "%<const char*%>");
+         return;
+       }
+    }
/* Save the condition in case it was a concept check. */
    tree orig_condition = condition;
- if (instantiation_dependent_expression_p (condition))
+  if (instantiation_dependent_expression_p (condition)
+      || instantiation_dependent_expression_p (message))
      {
        /* We're in a template; build a STATIC_ASSERT and put it in
           the right place. */
@@ -11430,9 +11497,88 @@ finish_static_assert (tree condition, tr
          if (processing_template_decl)
            goto defer;
- int sz = TREE_INT_CST_LOW (TYPE_SIZE_UNIT
-                                    (TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (message))));
-         int len = TREE_STRING_LENGTH (message) / sz - 1;
+         int len;
+         const char *msg = NULL;
+         char *buf = NULL;
+         if (message_sz && message_data)
+           {
+             message_sz
+               = fold_non_dependent_expr (message_sz, complain,
+                                          /*manifestly_const_eval=*/true);
+             if (!tree_fits_uhwi_p (message_sz)
+                 || ((unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT) (int) tree_to_uhwi (message_sz)
+                     != tree_to_uhwi (message_sz)))
+               {
+                 error_at (location,
+                           "%<static_assert%> message %<size()%> member "
+                           "function must be a constant expression");

This can use cxx_constant_value to show what makes it not a constant-expression. And also don't assume size is a member function.

+                 return;
+               }
+             len = tree_to_uhwi (message_sz);
+             tree data
+               = fold_non_dependent_expr (message_data, tf_none,
+                                          /*manifestly_const_eval=*/true);
+             if (!reduced_constant_expression_p (data))
+               data = NULL_TREE;
+             if (len)
+               {
+                 if (data)
+                   msg = c_getstr (data);
+                 if (msg == NULL)
+                   buf = XNEWVEC (char, len);
+                 for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i)
+                   {
+                     tree t = message_data;
+                     if (i)
+                       t = build2 (POINTER_PLUS_EXPR,
+                                   TREE_TYPE (message_data), message_data,
+                                   size_int (i));
+                     t = build1 (INDIRECT_REF, TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (t)), t);
+                     t = fold_non_dependent_expr (t, complain,
+                                                  /*manifestly_const_eval=*/
+                                                  true);
+                     if (!tree_fits_shwi_p (t))
+                       {
+                         error_at (location,
+                                   "%<static_assert%> message %<data()%> "
+                                   "member function must be a constant "
+                                   "expression");

Likewise.

+                         return;
+                       }
+                     if (msg == NULL)
+                       buf[i] = tree_to_shwi (t);
+                     /* If c_getstr worked, just verify the first and
+                        last characters using constant evaluation.  */
+                     else if (len > 2 && i == 0)
+                       i = len - 2;
+                   }
+                 if (msg == NULL)
+                   msg = buf; > +           }
+             else if (!data)
+               {
+                 data = build2 (COMPOUND_EXPR, integer_type_node,
+                                message_data, integer_zero_node);
+                 data = fold_non_dependent_expr (data, complain,
+                                                 /*manifestly_const_eval=*/
+                                                 true);
+                 if (!integer_zerop (data))
+                   {
+                     error_at (location,
+                               "%<static_assert%> message %<data()%> "
+                               "member function must be a constant "
+                               "expression");

Likewise.

+                     return;
+                   }
+               }
+           }
+         else
+           {
+             tree eltype = TREE_TYPE (TREE_TYPE (message));
+             int sz = TREE_INT_CST_LOW (TYPE_SIZE_UNIT (eltype));
+             msg = TREE_STRING_POINTER (message);
+             len = TREE_STRING_LENGTH (message) / sz - 1;
+           }
/* See if we can find which clause was failing (for logical AND). */
          tree bad = find_failing_clause (NULL, orig_condition);
@@ -11442,12 +11588,13 @@ finish_static_assert (tree condition, tr
auto_diagnostic_group d; - /* Report the error. */
+         /* Report the error. */
          if (len == 0)
            error_at (cloc, "static assertion failed");
          else
-           error_at (cloc, "static assertion failed: %s",
-                     TREE_STRING_POINTER (message));
+           error_at (cloc, "static assertion failed: %.*s", len, msg);
+
+         XDELETEVEC (buf);
diagnose_failing_condition (bad, cloc, show_expr_p);
        }
--- gcc/cp/pt.cc.jj     2023-09-18 12:42:16.309387948 +0200
+++ gcc/cp/pt.cc        2023-09-18 13:09:47.166440918 +0200
@@ -19430,15 +19430,20 @@ tsubst_expr (tree t, tree args, tsubst_f
case STATIC_ASSERT:
        {
-       tree condition;
+       tree condition, message;
++c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
        condition = tsubst_expr (STATIC_ASSERT_CONDITION (t), args,
                                 complain, in_decl);
+       message = tsubst_expr (STATIC_ASSERT_MESSAGE (t), args,
+                              complain, in_decl);
+       if (TREE_CODE (STATIC_ASSERT_MESSAGE (t)) != STRING_CST
+           && TREE_CODE (message) == STRING_CST)
+         message = build1_loc (STATIC_ASSERT_SOURCE_LOCATION (t),
+                               PAREN_EXPR, TREE_TYPE (message), message);
        --c_inhibit_evaluation_warnings;
- finish_static_assert (condition,
-                              STATIC_ASSERT_MESSAGE (t),
+       finish_static_assert (condition, message,
                                STATIC_ASSERT_SOURCE_LOCATION (t),
                              /*member_p=*/false, /*show_expr_p=*/true);
        }
--- gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp26/static_assert1.C.jj      2023-09-18 
13:09:47.167440904 +0200
+++ gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp26/static_assert1.C 2023-09-18 15:04:25.402596093 
+0200
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+// C++26 P2741R3 - user-generated static_assert messages
+// { dg-do compile { target c++11 } }
+// { dg-options "" }
+
+static_assert (true, "");
+static_assert (true, (""));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+static_assert (true, "" + 0);        // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message 
only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+static_assert (true, 0);       // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+struct A {};
+static_assert (true, A {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+struct B { int size; };
+static_assert (true, B {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+struct C { constexpr int size () const { return 0; } };
+static_assert (true, C {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+struct D { constexpr int size () const { return 0; } int data; };
+static_assert (true, D {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+struct E { int size = 0;
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return ""; } };
+static_assert (true, E {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }

The diagnostic states properties that E satisfies, and not the problem (that E{}.size isn't invocable).

+struct F { constexpr const char *size () const { return ""; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return ""; } };
+static_assert (true, F {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'size\\\(\\\)' member 
function must be implicitly convertible to 'std::size_t'" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct G { constexpr long size () const { return 0; }
+          constexpr float data () const { return 0.0f; } };
+static_assert (true, G {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'data\\\(\\\)' member 
function must be implicitly convertible to 'const char\\\*'" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 
}
+struct H { short size () const { return 0; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return ""; } };
+static_assert (true, H {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-warning "'static_assert' message 'size\\\(\\\)' member 
not 'constexpr'" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct I { constexpr signed char size () const { return 0; }
+          const char *data () const { return ""; } };
+static_assert (true, I {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-warning "'static_assert' message 'data\\\(\\\)' member 
not 'constexpr'" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct J { constexpr int size () const { return j ? throw 1 : 0; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return ""; };
+          constexpr J (int x) : j (x) {}
+          int j; };
+static_assert (true, J (1));   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+static_assert (false, J (0));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed" "" { 
target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, J (1));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'size\\\(\\\)' member 
function must be a constant expression" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct K { constexpr operator int () { return 4; } };
+struct L { constexpr operator const char * () { return "test"; } };
+struct M { constexpr K size () const { return {}; }
+          constexpr L data () const { return {}; } };
+static_assert (true, M {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+static_assert (false, M {});   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+#if  __cpp_constexpr_dynamic_alloc >= 201907L
+struct N { constexpr int size () const { return 3; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return new char[3] { 'b', 'a', 
'd' }; } };
+static_assert (true, N {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++20 && c++23_down } } }
+static_assert (false, N {});   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++20 && c++23_down } } }
+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'data\\\(\\\)' member 
function must be a constant expression" "" { target c++20 } .-1 }

The cxx_constant_value diagnostics should be helpful here.

+#endif
+constexpr const char a[] = { 't', 'e', 's', 't' };
+struct O { constexpr int size () const { return 4; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return a; } };
+static_assert (false, O {});   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct P { constexpr int size () const { return 4 - p; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return &a[p]; }
+          constexpr P (int x) : p (x) {}
+          int p; };
+static_assert (false, P (0));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, P (2));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: st" "" 
{ target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct Q { constexpr int size () const { return 4 - q; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return &"test"[q]; }
+          constexpr Q (int x) : q (x) {}
+          int q; };
+static_assert (false, Q (0));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, Q (1));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: est" "" 
{ target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct R { constexpr int size () const { return 4 - r; }
+          constexpr const char *d () const { return "test"; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return d () + r; }
+          constexpr R (int x) : r (x) {}
+          int r; };
+static_assert (false, R (0));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, R (2));  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: st" "" 
{ target *-*-* } .-1 }
+struct S { constexpr float size (float) const { return 42.0f; }
+          constexpr int size (void * = nullptr) const { return 4; }
+          constexpr double data (double) const { return 42.0; }
+          constexpr const char *data (int = 0) const { return "test"; } };
+static_assert (true, S {});    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+static_assert (false, S {});   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+
+using size_t = decltype (sizeof (0));
+struct string_view {
+  size_t s;
+  const char *d;
+  constexpr string_view () : s (0), d (nullptr) {}
+  constexpr string_view (const char *p) : s (__builtin_strlen (p)), d (p) {}
+  constexpr string_view (size_t l, const char *p) : s (l), d (p) {}
+  constexpr size_t size () const noexcept { return s; }
+  constexpr const char *data () const noexcept { return d; }
+};
+static_assert (true, string_view{});                           // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target 
c++23_down } }
+static_assert (false, string_view ("test"));                 // { dg-warning "'static_assert' 
with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                                               // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed: test" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, string_view ("א"));                    // { dg-warning "'static_assert' 
with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                                               // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed: א" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, string_view (0, nullptr));               // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target 
c++23_down } }
+                                                               // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, string_view (4, "testwithextrachars"));        // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                                               // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed: test" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, string_view (42, "test"));             // { dg-warning "'static_assert' 
with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' 
message 'data\\\(\\\)' member function must be a constant expression" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }

The cxx_constant_value diagnostics should be helpful here.

+template <typename T, size_t N>
+struct array {
+  constexpr size_t size () const { return N; }
+  constexpr const T *data () const { return a; }
+  const T a[N];
+};
+static_assert (true, array<char, 2> { 'O', 'K' });               // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down 
} }
+static_assert (true, array<wchar_t, 2> { L'O', L'K' });          // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down 
} }
+                                                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' 
message 'data\\\(\\\)' member function must be implicitly convertible to 'const char\\\*'" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+static_assert (false, array<char, 4> { 't', 'e', 's', 't' });    // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target c++23_down 
} }
+                                                               // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed: test" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+
+void
+foo ()
+{
+  constexpr auto a = array<char, 4> { 't', 'e', 's', 't' };
+  static_assert (false, a);                                    // { dg-warning 
"'static_assert' with non-string message only available with" "" { target 
c++23_down } }
+}                                                              // { dg-error "static 
assertion failed: test" "" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+
+#if  __cpp_constexpr_dynamic_alloc >= 201907L
+struct T {
+  const char *d = init ();
+  constexpr int size () const { return 4; }
+  constexpr const char *data () const { return d; }
+  constexpr const char *init () const { return new char[4] { 't', 'e', 's', 
't' }; }
+  constexpr ~T () { delete[] d; }
+};
+static_assert (false, T{});            // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++20 && c++23_down } } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++20 } .-1 }
+#endif
+struct U { constexpr operator const char * () const { return u; }
+          char u[5] = "test"; };
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+struct V { constexpr auto size () const { return K{}; }
+          constexpr auto data () const { return U{}; } };
+static_assert (false, V{});            // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++14 && c++23_down } } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++14 } .-1 }
+#endif
+struct W { constexpr int size (int) const { return 4; }
+          constexpr const char *data () const { return "test"; } };
+static_assert (true, W{});             // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }
+struct X { constexpr int size () const { return 4; }
+          constexpr const char *data (int) const { return "test"; } };
+static_assert (true, X{});             // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }
+struct Y { constexpr int size () { return 4; }
+          constexpr const char *data (int) { return "test"; } };
+static_assert (true, Y{});             // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }

More cases of the diagnostic not stating the problem; as above, this message should only be for when lookup fails.

+#if __cpp_concepts >= 201907L
+struct Z { constexpr int size (auto...) const { return 4; }
+          constexpr const char *data (auto...) const { return "test"; } };
+static_assert (false, Z{});            // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++20 && c++23_down } } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++20 } .-1 }
+#endif
+
+namespace NN
+{
+  template <typename T>
+  struct A {
+    constexpr int size () const = delete;
+    constexpr const char *data () const { return "test"; } };
+  static_assert (true, A<int>{});        // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }
+#if __cpp_concepts >= 201907L
+  template <typename T>
+  struct B {
+    constexpr int size () const { return 4; }
+    constexpr const char *data () const requires false { return "test"; } };
+  static_assert (true, B<short>{});      // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message 
only available with" "" { target { c++20 && c++23_down } } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
c++20 } .-1 }
+#endif
+  class C {
+    constexpr int size () const = delete;
+    constexpr const char *data () const { return "test"; } };
+  static_assert (true, C{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a 
string literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target 
*-*-* } .-1 }
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+  struct D {
+    constexpr int size () { return 4; }
+    constexpr int size () const { return 3; }
+    constexpr const char *data () { return "test"; }
+    constexpr const char *data () const { return "ehlo"; } };
+  static_assert (true, D{});   // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++14 && c++23_down } } }
+  static_assert (false, D{});  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++14 && c++23_down } } }
+                               // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++14 } .-1 }
+#endif
+  struct E {
+    constexpr int size () const { return 4; }
+    constexpr const char *data () const { return "test"; } };
+  template <typename T>
+  struct F {
+    static_assert (false, T{});        // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+  };                           // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+  template <typename T>
+  struct G {
+    static_assert (false, T{});        // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+  };                           // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
+  F<E> fe;
+  G<long> gl;
+  constexpr E operator ""_myd (const char *, size_t) { return E{}; }
+  static_assert (false, "foo"_myd);  // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message 
only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+  constexpr E operator + (const char *, const E &) { return E{}; }
+  static_assert (false, "foo" + E{});        // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+  struct H {
+    static constexpr int size () { return 7; }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { return "message"; } };
+  static_assert (true, H{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+  static_assert (false, H{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: message" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+  struct I {
+    static constexpr int size () { return 0; }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { return nullptr; } };
+  static_assert (true, I{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+  static_assert (false, I{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed" 
"" { target *-*-* } .-1 }
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+  struct J {
+    static constexpr int size () { return 0; }
+    static constexpr const char *data (int x = 0) { if (x) return nullptr; 
else throw 1; } };
+  static_assert (true, J{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++14 && c++23_down } } }
+  static_assert (false, J{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string message only 
available with" "" { target { c++14 && c++23_down } } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'data\\\(\\\)' 
member function must be a constant expression" "" { target c++14 } .-1 }
+#endif
+#if __cpp_if_consteval >= 202106L
+  struct K {
+    static constexpr int size () { if consteval { return 4; } else { throw 1; 
} }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { return "test"; }
+  };
+  static_assert (true, K{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+  static_assert (false, K{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++23 } .-1 }
+  struct L {
+    static constexpr int size () { return 4; }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { if consteval { return "test"; } 
else { throw 1; } }
+  };
+  static_assert (true, L{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+  static_assert (false, L{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+                                       // { dg-error "static assertion failed: test" 
"" { target c++23 } .-1 }
+  struct M {
+    static constexpr int size () { if consteval { throw 1; } else { return 4; 
} }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { return "test"; }
+  };
+  static_assert (true, M{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+  static_assert (false, M{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'size\\\(\\\)' 
member function must be a constant expression" "" { target c++23 } .-1 }
+  struct N {
+    static constexpr int size () { return 4; }
+    static constexpr const char *data () { if consteval { throw 1; } else { return 
"test"; } }
+  };
+  static_assert (true, N{});           // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+  static_assert (false, N{});          // { dg-warning "'static_assert' with non-string 
message only available with" "" { target c++23_only } }
+                                       // { dg-error "'static_assert' message 'data\\\(\\\)' 
member function must be a constant expression" "" { target c++23 } .-1 }
+#endif
+}
--- gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp26/feat-cxx26.C.jj  2023-09-18 12:42:16.327387707 
+0200
+++ gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp26/feat-cxx26.C     2023-09-18 13:09:47.167440904 
+0200
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@
#ifndef __cpp_static_assert
  #  error "__cpp_static_assert"
-#elif __cpp_static_assert != 201411
-#  error "__cpp_static_assert != 201411"
+#elif __cpp_static_assert != 202306
+#  error "__cpp_static_assert != 202306"
  #endif
#ifndef __cpp_namespace_attributes
--- gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp0x/udlit-error1.C.jj        2023-09-18 
13:08:31.530448184 +0200
+++ gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp0x/udlit-error1.C   2023-09-18 13:09:47.167440904 
+0200
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ void operator""_x(const char *, decltype
  #pragma message "hi"_x        // { dg-warning "string literal with user-defined 
suffix is invalid in this context" }
extern "C"_x { void g(); } // { dg-error "before user-defined string literal" }
-static_assert(true, "foo"_x); // { dg-error "string literal with user-defined 
suffix is invalid in this context|expected" }
+static_assert(true, "foo"_x);        // { dg-error "'static_assert' with non-string message 
only available with" "" { target c++23_down } }

This diagnostic message seems unclear for a UDL?

+                               // { dg-error "'static_assert' message must be a string 
literal or object with 'size\\\(\\\)' and 'data\\\(\\\)' members" "" { target *-*-* 
} .-1 }
[[deprecated("oof"_x)]] // { dg-error "string literal with user-defined suffix is invalid in this context" "" { target c++26 } }
  void

        Jakub


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