https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=107980
--- Comment #13 from Jakub Jelinek <jakub at gcc dot gnu.org> --- Warning for 3 or more arguments using preprocessor stuff only could look like: #define __va_start_2() #define __va_start_23(...) __builtin_warning ("too many va_arg arguments"); #define __va_start_1() #define __va_start_12(v, ...) __va_start_2##__VA_OPT__(3) (__VA_ARGS__) #define va_start(v, ...) __va_start_1##__VA_OPT__(2) (__VA_ARGS__) __builtin_va_start (v, 0) We are C2X here, so we can rely on __VA_OPT__. As for warning when there are 2 arguments and second argument is not identifier for the last argument, in the light of #c12 that would be fairly difficult. In the preprocessor it is going to be pretty hard to find out whether in the 2 arguments case the second one is a single identifier token, and on the compiler side __builtin_va_start or __builtin_va_start_c23 would need to be a keyword with its own parsing which would parse normally as expression the first argument, but for the rest just warn if it is more than 2 arguments or second argument is present and is not identifier of the last argument, but otherwise ignore the tokens. Still, isn't say: #define A ( #define B ) va_start (ap, A B B ); va_start (ap, A A A ); valid in C2X? That ruins both the argument counting and especially any attempts to decide something after preprocessing.