https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=107906
--- Comment #3 from S. Davis Herring <herring at lanl dot gov> --- Thanks for identifying the true common thread. > That is not a specialization, that is an instantiation. The standard uses specialization for every "version" of a template; some are just "explicit specializations". It uses (explicit/implicit) instantiation only for the process of creating one. (I realize that just about no one else uses the words that way.)