Step 1) Get confused by: https://phys.org/news/2019-05-atomic-function.html Step 2) Find the actual article: https://journals.aps.org/prx/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevX.9.021002 Step 3) Get irritated by the phrase "three-level system". Step 4) Find ref 14: http://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/126621/PhysRevA.78.013803.pdf Step 5) Realize you're no better than Towelie and look up "dark states" on wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_state Step 6) Notice the bait-and-switch from "three-level" to "three-state" and stuff Towelie into the Confirmation Homunculus' mouth, mumbling about how energy quantification does imply a ground state, if not a strict hierarchy.
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