You know, teasers like this one at the end of the article, *Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh * *from any fuel in a 50 cm3 container can be ruled out. The only alternative explanation is that * *there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.*
have become a bit tiresome. Time for something a bit more substantive, like a functioning production scale unit, producing production-scale power. Wasn't that promised a few months ago to be demonstrated, oh, just about about any day now? --Doug On Thu, Apr 7, 2011 at 2:25 PM, Rich Murray <[email protected]> wrote: > 25 KWh in 1.75 h, Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the > Leonardo Corp, Bologna 29 March 2011, Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, > 3 April 2011: Rich Murray 2011.04.07 > > > http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3144960.ece/BINARY/Download+the+report+by+Kullander+and+Ess%C3%A9n+%28pdf%29 > > [ 8 photos ] > > Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardo Corp, Bologna > 29 March 2011. > Participants: > Giuseppe Levi, > David Bianchini, > Carlo Leonardi, > Hanno Essén, > Sven Kullander, > Andrea Rossi, > Sergio Focardi. > Travel report by Hanno Essén and Sven Kullander, 3 April 2011. > > We gathered in the Leonardo Corporation building where the 10 kW > apparatus for anomalous > energy production by nickel and hydrogen was demonstrated during a > press conference on > 14th of January. References [1] to [4] for the original papers > describing the innovation are > listed at the end. In the same building, two CHP facilities were > located, based on biodiesel > from waste which Andrea Rossi, prior to his present Ni-H activity, had > developed. > The present test was done on a smaller device [5] than the 10 kW > device that has been used > earlier during the January press conference. One of the reasons for > going to smaller > dimensions is safety according to Rossi. > > The conclusions from the papers [1] to [4] are that nickel and > hydrogen provide the fuel for > nuclear processes inside a small container in a radiation shielded > setup and that in the room > outside, no radiation different from the ambient one is found. > > Figures 1 and 2 below depict the insulated device used for the > experiment together with three > spare devices. As can be seen on the bare devices there is a > horizontal section with a central > container. The tube was made of copper and according to Rossi, the > reaction chamber is > hidden inside in the central part and made of stainless steel. Note > that on the main heating > resistor which is positioned around the copper tube and made of > stainless steel (Figure 3) you > can read the dimensions and nominal power (50mm diameter and 300W). > The vertical > chimney is for the steam-water exhaust. The cooling inlet water of > about 18 °C comes from a > reservoir via a pump (yellow). > > The transparent blue rubber hose going from the reservoir to the > device is visible > above the yellow pump, on the left of the photo in figure 1. To the right > at the chimney, a black hose of heavy rubber, for high temperatures, > carries the hot > water/steam to the sink on the wall of the adjacent room. At the end > of the horizontal section > there is an auxiliary electric heater to initialize the burning and > also to act as a safety if the > heat evolution should get out of control. > > The central container seen in figure 3 has an estimated volume of 50 > cm3 and it contains 50 > grams of nickel. The container has on its top, a pipe for the filling > of hydrogen gas. During > the running we used the rightmost one of the devices, figure 4, which > is surrounded by a 2 cm > thick lead shield, as stated by Rossi, and wrapped with insulation, > figure 5. We had free > access to the heater electric supply, to the inlet water hose, to the > outlet steam valve and > water hose and to the hydrogen gas feed pipe. The total weight of the > device was estimated to > be around 4 kg. > > Calibrations. > > The flow of the inlet water was calibrated in the following way. The time > for > filling up 0.5 liters of water in a carafe was measured to be 278 > seconds. Visual checks > showed that the water flow was free from bubbles. Scaled to flow per > hour resulted in a flow > of 6.47 kg/hour (Density 1 kg/liter assumed). The water temperature > was 18 °C. The specific > heat of water, 4.18 joule/gram/ °C which is equal to 1.16 Wh/kg/ °C is > used to calculate the > energy needed to bring 1 kg of water from 18 to 100 °C. The result is > 1.16 (100-18)=95 > Wh/kg. The heat of vaporization is 630 Wh/kg. Assuming that all water > will be vaporized, the > energy required to bring 1 kg water of 18 °C to vapor is 95+630=725 > Wh/kg. To heat up the > adjusted water flow of 6.47 kg/hour from 18 °C to vapor will require > 725 6.47=4.69 kWh/hour. > > The power required for heating and vaporization is thus 4.69 kW. It should > be > noted that no error analysis has been done but according to Giuseppe > Levi, a 5% error in the > measurement of the water flow is a conservative estimate. Even with > this error, the > conclusions will not change due to the magnitude of the observed effects. > > Startup. > > Prior to startup, the hydrogen bottle with a nominal pressure of 160 bars > was > connected for a short moment to the device to pressurize the fuel > container to about 25 bars. > The air of atmospheric pressure was remaining in the container as a > small impurity. The > amount of hydrogen with the assumed container volume of 50 cm3 is 0.11 > grams of > hydrogen. > > The electric heater was switched on at 10:25, and the meter reading was 1.5 > amperes corresponding to 330 watts for the heating including the power for > the > instrumentation, about 30 watts. The electric heater thus provides a > power of 300 watts to the > nickel-hydrogen mixture. This corresponds also to the nominal power of > the resistor. > Initial running to reach vaporization. The temperatures of the inlet > water and the outlet > water were monitored and recorded every 2 seconds. > > The heater was connected at 10:25 and the boiling point was reached at > 10:42. > The detailed temperature-time relation is shown in figure 6. > The inlet water temperature was 17.3 °C and increased slightly to 17.6 > °C during > this initial running. The outlet water temperature increased from 20 > °C at 10:27 to 60 °C at > 10:36. This means a temperature increase by 40 °C in 9 minutes which > is essentially due to > the electric heater. It is worth noting that at this point in time and > temperature, 10:36 and > 60°C, the 300 W from the heater is barely sufficient to raise the > temperature of the flowing > water from the inlet temperature of 17.6 °C to the 60 °C recorded at > this time. If no additional > heat had been generated internally, the temperature would not exceed > the 60 °C recorded at > 10:36. > > Instead the temperature increases faster after 10:36, as can be seen > as a kink occurring > at 60 °C in the temperature-time relation. (Figure 6). A temperature > of 97.5 °C is reached at > 10:40. The time taken to bring the water from 60 to 97.5 °C is 4 > minutes. The 100 °C > temperature is reached at 10:42 and at about 10:45 all the water is > completely vaporized > found by visual checks of the outlet tube and the valve letting out > steam from the chimney. > This means that from this point in time, 10:45, 4.69 kW power is > delivered to the heating and > vaporization, and 4.69 – 0.30 = 4.39 kW would have to come from the > energy produced in > the internal nickel-hydrogen container. > > Operation. > > The experiment was continually running from 10:45 to 16:30 when it was > stopped by switching off the heater and increasing the cooling water > flow to a maximum of > 30 liters per hour. On two occasions during the steam production > phase, David Bianchini > tested the radiation level which did not differ from the normal level > in the room. The > temperature at the outlet was controlled continually to be above > 100°C. According to the > electronic log-book it remained always between 100.1 and 100.2 °C > during the operation > from 10:45 to 16:30 as can be seen in figure 7. Between 11:00 and > 12:00 o’clock, control > measurements were done on how much water that had not evaporated. The > system to measure > the non-evaporated water was a certified Testo System, Testo 650, with > a probe guaranteed to > resist up to 550°C. > > The measurements showed that at 11:15 1.4% of the water was nonvaporized, > at 11:30 1.3% and at 11:45 1.2% of the water was non-vaporized. The energy > produced inside the device is calculated to be (1.000-0.013) > (16:30-10:45) 4.39 = 25 kWh. > > Discussion. > > Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel > container > and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling > water system we can only > make very general comments. The central container is about 50 cm3 in > size and it contains > 0.11 gram hydrogen and 50 grams nickel. > > The enthalpy from the chemical formation of nickel and hydrogen to > nickel hydride is 4850 joule/mol [6]. > If it had been a chemical process, a maximum of 0.15 watt-hour of > energy could have been produced from nickel and > 0.11 gram hydrogen, the whole hydrogen content of the container. > > On the other hand, 0.11 gram hydrogen and 6 grams of nickel > (assuming that we use one proton for each nickel atom) > are about sufficient to produce 24 MWh through nuclear processes > assuming that 8 MeV per > reaction can be liberated as free energy. > > For comparison, 3 liters of oil or 0.6 kg of hydrogen would give 25 > kWh through chemical burning. > Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3 > container can be ruled out. > The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a > nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production. > > Acknowledgements. > > We are grateful to our Bologna hosts, the cited participants and Dr > Giuliano Guandalini for > warm-hearted hospitality. We also appreciate the instructive execution > of the experiment and > the information provided. However, the authors of this Travel report > are responsible for the > observations and for the conclusions. > > References. > > [1] A. Rossi (inventor), > Method and Apparatus for Carrying out Nickel and Hydrogen Exothermal > Reactions, (WO/2009/125444) > http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp? WO=2009125444; > > [2] S. Focardi and A. Rossi, > A new energy source from nuclear fusion, > Journal of Nuclear Physics, > http://www.journal-of-nuclearphysics.com/? p=66, February 2010; > > [3] D. Bianchini > Experimental evaluation, for radiation protection purpose, of photon > and neutron radiation field during the public presentation of the > prototype called ”Energy Amplifier”. > http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com > > [4] G. Levi, > Report on heat production during preliminary tests on the Rossi ”Ni-H” > reactor, > http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com. > > [5] A. Rossi, > A Mini Apparatus for Ni-H energy production, > private communication, 110329. > > [6] M. Tkacz, > Enthalpies of formation and decomposition of nickel hydride and nickel > deuteride derived from (p, c, T) relationships, > J. Chem. Thermodynamics 2001, 33, 891–897. > > Figures. > > Figure 1 showing Andrea Rossi (left) and Giuseppe Levi (right). > Shown are the water pump in yellow, three bare Rossi devices (ECATS) > and one heat- insulated Rossi device (ECAT) which was used for the > experiment. > In the middle of the horizontal section is seen the container ca 50 > cm3 in volume with the hydrogen gas-fill pipe on its top. > The electric heater is connected at the end of the horizontal section. > The chimney is used for the steam accumulation. > (Photo: Sven Kullander). > > Figure 2 showing in principle the same ECATs as in figure 1 but in > another perspective. > (Photo: Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 3 shows the central fuel container between the 35 and 40 cm > marks on the ruler. > It is about 50 cm3 in volume. > (Photo: Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 4 showing the chimney with the black outlet tubing, the > thermocouple holder and on the top, the steam exhaust valve. > (Photo: Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 5 with Andrea Rossi preparing the insulation of the chimney > together with Sven Kullander (left) and Hanno Essén (right). > (Photo: Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 6. The evolution of temperature in Celsius degrees versus the > time in hour.minute.second. > (Photo: Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 7. The monitoring of the exhaust temperature during the experiment. > (From Giuseppe Levi). > > Figure 8 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Andrea Rossi, Carlo > Leonardi and Sergio Focardi. > (Photo: Sven Kullander). > > Figure 9 showing from left to right, Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander, > Giuseppe Levi, David Bianchini and Andrea Rossi. > (Photo: Sven Kullander). > > Figure 10. David Bianchini, Andrea Rossi holding the mini ECAT and > Giuseppe Levi. > (Photo: Sven Kullander). > > ============================================================ > FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv > Meets Fridays 9a-11:30 at cafe at St. John's College > lectures, archives, unsubscribe, maps at http://www.friam.org >
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