Hey Rob,
thank you so much for your help!

I just checked certutil... it works with the added -d database location.
Upon trying to create a new certificate for HTTP, ipa-getcert list gives me:

> Request ID '20191115101517':
>        status: CA_UNREACHABLE
>       ca-error: Server at https://ipa.*.*/ipa/xml failed request, will retry: 
> -504 (HTTP POST to URL 'https://ipa.*.*/ipa/xml' failed.  libcurl failed even 
> to execute the HTTP transaction, explaining:  Failed to connect to ipa.*.* 
> port 443: Connection refused).
>       stuck: no
>       key pair storage: 
> type=NSSDB,location='/etc/httpd/nssdb',nickname='Server-Cert',token='NSS 
> Certificate DB',pinfile='/etc/httpd/nssdb/pwdfile.txt'
>       certificate: 
> type=NSSDB,location='/etc/httpd/nssdb',nickname='Server-Cert'
>       CA: IPA
>       issuer: 
>       subject: 
>       expires: unknown
>       pre-save command: 
>       post-save command: 
>       track: yes
>       auto-renew: yes

Output of ipactl status:
>Directory Service: RUNNING
>krb5kdc Service: RUNNING
>kadmin Service: RUNNING
>httpd Service: RUNNING
>ipa-custodia Service: RUNNING
>pki-tomcatd Service: RUNNING
>smb Service: RUNNING
>winbind Service: RUNNING
>ipa-otpd Service: RUNNING

And to answer:
> Are you just trying random commands?
Those are outputs I collected during all my attempts to fix it. Also I tried 
various (afaik) non-destructive commands to see what works and what doesn't to 
hopefully close in on what's wrong.

> Based on above I'm guessing you didn't kinit first.
Always made sure to have active Kerberos credentials! Definitely used kinit 
first.

> Knowing what services are running is more
important at this point.

Here's the output of systemctl status for the relevant processes:
gssproxy
>gssproxy.service - GSSAPI Proxy Daemon
>   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/gssproxy.service; disabled; vendor 
> preset: disabled)
>   Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-11-15 11:41:16 CET; 7s ago
>  Process: 2656 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID (code=exited, 
> status=0/SUCCESS)
>  Process: 20319 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/gssproxy -D (code=exited, 
> status=0/SUCCESS)
> Main PID: 20320 (gssproxy)
>    Tasks: 6 (limit: 52428)
>   Memory: 1.6M
>   CGroup: /system.slice/gssproxy.service
>           └─20320 /usr/sbin/gssproxy -D

ipa
>ipa.service - Identity, Policy, Audit
>   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/ipa.service; enabled; vendor 
> preset: disabled)
>   Active: active (exited) since Thu 2019-11-14 15:10:30 CET; 20h ago
>  Process: 11849 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/ipactl start (code=exited, 
> status=0/SUCCESS)
> Main PID: 11849 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
>
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting Directory Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting krb5kdc Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting kadmin Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting httpd Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting ipa-custodia Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting pki-tomcatd Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting smb Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting winbind Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* ipactl[11849]: Starting ipa-otpd Service
>Nov 14 15:10:30 ipa.*.* systemd[1]: Started Identity, Policy, Audit.

httpd
>httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
>   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor 
> preset: disabled)
>  Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d
>           └─ipa.conf
>           /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.d
>           └─php-fpm.conf
>   Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-11-15 11:38:13 CET; 7min ago
>     Docs: man:httpd.service(8)
>  Process: 19582 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/ipa/ipa-httpd-kdcproxy 
> (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
> Main PID: 19587 (httpd)
>   Status: "Total requests: 2; Idle/Busy workers 100/0;Requests/sec: 0.00437; 
> Bytes served/sec:  16 B/se>
>    Tasks: 330 (limit: 52428)
>   Memory: 386.6M
>   CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
>           ├─19587 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19592 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19593 (wsgi:kdcproxy) -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19594 (wsgi:kdcproxy) -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19595 (wsgi:ipa)      -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19596 (wsgi:ipa)      -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19597 (wsgi:ipa)      -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19598 (wsgi:ipa)      -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19599 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19601 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>           ├─19602 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>           └─19935 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
>
>Nov 15 11:38:12 ipa.*.* systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
>Nov 15 11:38:13 ipa.*.* ipa-httpd-kdcproxy[19582]: ipa: INFO: KDC proxy enabled
>Nov 15 11:38:13 ipa.*.* ipa-httpd-kdcproxy[19582]: ipa-httpd-kdcproxy: INFO    
> KDC proxy e>
>Nov 15 11:38:13 ipa.*.* httpd[19587]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably 
>determine the serv>
>Nov 15 11:38:13 ipa.*.* httpd[19587]: Server configured, listening on: 
>192.168.178.101 port>
>Nov 15 11:38:13 ipa.*.* systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
>
>Nov 15 11:41:15 ipa.*.* systemd[1]: Starting GSSAPI Proxy Daemon...
>Nov 15 11:41:16 ipa.*.* systemd[1]: Started GSSAPI Proxy Daemon.

The whole systemctl status
>UNIT                              LOAD   ACTIVE SUB     DESCRIPTION            
>                         
>proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active running Arbitrary Executable 
>File Formats File System Au>
>init.scope                        loaded active running System and Service 
>Manager                      
>session-1015.scope                loaded active running Session 1015 of user 
>eelocal                    
>session-37.scope                  loaded active running Session 37 of user 
>eelocal                      
>atd.service                       loaded active running Job spooling tools     
>                         
>auditd.service                    loaded active running Security Auditing 
>Service                       
>certmonger.service                loaded active running Certificate monitoring 
>and PKI enrollment       
>chronyd.service                   loaded active running NTP client/server      
>                         
>crond.service                     loaded active running Command Scheduler      
>                         
>dbus.service                      loaded active running D-Bus System Message 
>Bus                        
>dirsrv@EAGLEEYE-FILM-DE.service   loaded active running 389 Directory Server 
>EAGLEEYE-FILM-DE.          
>firewalld.service                 loaded active running firewalld - dynamic 
>firewall daemon             
>getty@tty1.service                loaded active running Getty on tty1          
>                         
>gssproxy.service                  loaded active running GSSAPI Proxy Daemon    
>                         
>httpd.service                     loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server 
>                         
>ipa-custodia.service              loaded active running IPA Custodia Service   
>                         
>irqbalance.service                loaded active running irqbalance daemon      
>                         
>kadmin.service                    loaded active running Kerberos 5 
>Password-changing and Administration 
>krb5kdc.service                   loaded active running Kerberos 5 KDC         
>                         
>libstoragemgmt.service            loaded active running libstoragemgmt plug-in 
>server daemon            
>mcelog.service                    loaded active running Machine Check 
>Exception Logging Daemon          
>multipathd.service                loaded active running Device-Mapper 
>Multipath Device Controller       
>mysqld.service                    loaded active running MySQL 8.0 database 
>server                       
>NetworkManager.service            loaded active running Network Manager        
>                         
>nfs-idmapd.service                loaded active running NFSv4 ID-name mapping 
>service                   
>nfs-mountd.service                loaded active running NFS Mount Daemon       
>                         
>nginx.service                     loaded active running The nginx HTTP and 
>reverse proxy server         
>nmb.service                       loaded active running Samba NMB Daemon       
>                         
>oddjobd.service                   loaded active running privileged operations 
>for unprivileged applicati>
>php-fpm.service                   loaded active running The PHP FastCGI 
>Process Manager                 
>pki-tomcatd@pki-tomcat.service    loaded active running PKI Tomcat Server 
>pki-tomcat                    
>polkit.service                    loaded active running Authorization Manager  
>                         
>postfix.service                   loaded active running Postfix Mail Transport 
>Agent                    
>postgresql.service                loaded active running PostgreSQL database 
>server                      
>redis.service                     loaded active running Redis persistent 
>key-value database             
>rngd.service                      loaded active running Hardware RNG Entropy 
>Gatherer Daemon            
>rpc-gssd.service                  loaded active running RPC security service 
>for NFS client and server  
>rpc-statd.service                 loaded active running NFS status monitor for 
>NFSv2/3 locking.         
>rpcbind.service                   loaded active running RPC Bind               
>                         
>rsyslog.service                   loaded active running System Logging Service 
>                         
>smartd.service                    loaded active running Self Monitoring and 
>Reporting Technology (SMART)>
>smb.service                       loaded active running Samba SMB Daemon       
>                         
>sshd.service                      loaded active running OpenSSH server daemon  
>                         
>sssd.service                      loaded active running System Security 
>Services Daemon                 
>systemd-journald.service          loaded active running Journal Service        
>                         
>systemd-logind.service            loaded active running Login Service          
>                         
>systemd-udevd.service             loaded active running udev Kernel Device 
>Manager                      
>tuned.service                     loaded active running Dynamic System Tuning 
>Daemon                    
>user@1000.service                 loaded active running User Manager for UID 
>1000                       
>winbind.service                   loaded active running Samba Winbind Daemon   
>                         
>zou-events.service                loaded active running Gunicorn instance to 
>serve the Zou Events API   
>zou-jobs.service                  loaded active running RQ Job queue to run 
>asynchronous job from Zou   
>zou.service                       loaded active running Gunicorn instance to 
>serve the Zou API          
>dbus.socket                       loaded active running D-Bus System Message 
>Bus Socket                 
>multipathd.socket                 loaded active running multipathd control 
>socket                       
>rpcbind.socket                    loaded active running RPCbind Server 
>Activation Socket                
>systemd-journald-dev-log.socket   loaded active running Journal Socket 
>(/dev/log)                       
>systemd-journald.socket           loaded active running Journal Socket         
>                         
>systemd-udevd-control.socket      loaded active running udev Control Socket    
>                         
>systemd-udevd-kernel.socket       loaded active running udev Kernel Socket 

There are no degraded services. Everything seems to be running fine.
Nginx is listening on a different network interface than apache; had no 
problems with that setup before. Tried with nginx disabled as well, no 
difference.
Tried disabling the firewall; problem persists. SELinux is set to 'permissive'.

>Doesn't sound cert related and you said the KDC is working.
It seems to ONLY affect authorization via HTTP (preauth?). Apache itself is 
running without any other errors. I can access the FreeIPA WebUI from any 
browser. ONLY when I try to login it produces an error. Before the server 
restart, all browsers with log in cookies for the WebUI were still logged in 
and could operate the WebUI; only the 'Authentication' tab already gave me a 
http error while trying to list certificates.

I hope that's enough info for a good overview.

All the best and thanks,
Tristan
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