Types of operators

There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic,
comparison, text concatenation, and reference.
Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or
multiplication; combine numbers; and produce numeric results, use the
following arithmetic operators.
  *Arithmetic operator* *Meaning* *Example* + (plus sign) Addition 3+3 –
(minus sign) Subtraction
Negation 3–1
–1 * (asterisk) Multiplication 3*3 / (forward slash) Division 3/3 % (percent
sign) Percent 20% ^ (caret) Exponentiation 3^2
Comparison operators

You can compare two values with the following operators. When two values are
compared by using these operators, the result is a logical value either TRUE
or FALSE.
  *Comparison operator* *Meaning* *Example* = (equal sign) Equal to A1=B1 >
(greater than sign) Greater than A1>B1 < (less than sign) Less than A1<B1 >=
(greater than or equal to sign) Greater than or equal to A1>=B1 <= (less
than or equal to sign) Less than or equal to A1<=B1 <> (not equal to sign) Not
equal to A1<>B1
Text concatenation operator

Use the ampersand (&) to join, or concatenate, one or more text strings to
produce a single piece of text.
  *Text operator* *Meaning* *Example* & (ampersand) Connects, or
concatenates, two values to produce one continuous text value
("North"&"wind")
Reference operators

Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators.
  *Reference operator* *Meaning* *Example* : (colon) Range operator, which
produces one reference to all the cells between two references, including
the two references B5:B15 , (comma) Union operator, which combines multiple
references into one reference SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15) (space) Intersection
operator, which produces on reference to cells common to the two
references B7:D7
C6:C8

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 The order in which Excel performs operations in formulas

In some cases, the order in which calculation is performed can affect the
return value of the formula, so it's important to understand how the order
is determined and how you can change the order to obtain desired results.
Calculation order

Formulas calculate values in a specific order. A formula in Excel always
begins with an equal sign (=). The equal sign tells Excel that the
succeeding characters constitute a formula. Following the equal sign are the
elements to be calculated (the operands), which are separated by calculation
operators. Excel calculates the formula from left to right, according to a
specific order for each operator in the formula.
Operator precedence

If you combine several operators in a single formula, Excel performs the
operations in the order shown in the following table. If a formula contains
operators with the same precedence — for example, if a formula contains both
a multiplication and division operator — Excel evaluates the operators from
left to right.
  *Operator* *Description*

: (colon)

(single space)

, (comma)
Reference operators – Negation (as in –1) % Percent ^ Exponentiation *
and / Multiplication
and division + and – Addition and subtraction & Connects two strings of text
(concatenation) =
< >
<=
>=
<> Comparison
Use of parentheses

To change the order of evaluation, enclose in parentheses the part of the
formula to be calculated first. For example, the following formula produces
11 because Excel calculates multiplication before addition. The formula
multiplies 2 by 3 and then adds 5 to the result.

=5+2*3

In contrast, if you use parentheses to change the syntax, Excel adds 5 and 2
together and then multiplies the result by 3 to produce 21.

=(5+2)*3

In the example below, the parentheses around the first part of the formula
force Excel to calculate B4+25 first and then divide the result by the sum
of the values in cells D5, E5, and F5.

=(B4+25)/SUM(D5:F5)

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