Hi! I would like to propose introducing an `Enum.key_by/3` function (name 
to be discussed) that would return a map where:
- each key is the result of the first callback applied to an item
- the value is the result of the second callback applied to the item 
(identity by default)

It would basically be a copy of Enum.group_by/3 keeping only the last (or 
first?) value for each key instead of building a list.

Rationale:

While it could be achieved easily enough using Enum.map/2 and Map.new/1, or 
Enum.into/3, having a function for it could help making the code more 
explicit about the intent and therefore more readable. Like 
Enum.group_by/3, I think it is a fairly common operation and it might be a 
natural candidate for the standard library?

Example use case: from a list of Ecto records, create a map of records 
keyed by `id` for efficient lookups in future code:

User |> Repo.all() |> Enum.key_by(fn user -> user.id end)

If we want to build a map to lookup user names by their ids:
User |> Repo.all() |> Enum.key_by(fn user -> user.id end, fn user -> user.
name end)


Further considerations:

The typical use cases I have in mind would rely on some kind of unique key, 
so I'm not sure what would be the best API-wise when dealing with duplicate 
keys and have no real opinion:
- keep the last value found for each key
- keep the first value found for each key
This behaviour could always be changed using `Enum.reverse/1` if needed.

What do you think?

I have a working branch for this here, happy to open a PR if you are 
interested: 
https://github.com/elixir-lang/elixir/compare/master...sabiwara:enum_key_by?expand=1

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