How, exactly, do postfix and dovecot communicate when postfix attempts to 
determine whether to deliver a message to the dovecot LDA, or to bounce it? In 
other words, how does postfix decide to bounce foo, and deliver bar, in these 
log messages:

This would be better answered on the postfix mailing list.

Postfix does not communicate with dovecot to know if an address is valid. You 
have to configure both Postfix and Dovecot separately to check the same source.

    http://www.postfix.org/DATABASE_README.html



where vdomains contains:

b...@sub.example.com  example.com/test/
b...@example.com      example.com/test/
@sub.example.com     example.com/test/
@example.com         example.com/test/

postfix will deliver to b...@example.com, but not f...@example.com. I can't 
deliver anything to the subdomain. The interesting thing is that 'bar' already 
has a dovecot mailbox (the 'test' mailbox), but 'foo' doesn't.

Because you have to configure both Postfix and Dovecot to look at the same 
source and they don't communicate, it is possible you told Postfix that 
@example.com is a valid catch-all while neglecting to inform dovecot of the 
same. Postfix will accept the mail from the internet, attempt to hand it off to 
dovecot which gets rejected by dovecot (not postfix) because dovecot thinks 
it's not valid.

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