Hi Johannes, First off the RX550 should work just fine. I have a RX570 and run fosphor on it with no issues. I am using Ubuntu 19.10 though which is much newer kernel and newer Mesa.
The OpenCL procedure looks fine and if it gets to that point, that also worked fine. For some reason the shader fail ... but it's supposed to print the error message which it's obviously not doing :/ Can you provide the full output of glxinfo and also try some open gl application / benchmark (like glmark) see if they run fine ? Cheers, Sylvain