CVSROOT: /cvsroot/www-bg
Module name: www-bg
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 08/02/25 06:29:38
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.html right-to-read.html
software-literary-patents.html
Log message:
Ðодаване и на оÑигиналниÑе ÑÑаÑии.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/free-sw.html?cvsroot=www-bg&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/right-to-read.html?cvsroot=www-bg&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www-bg/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html?cvsroot=www-bg&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
Patches:
Index: free-sw.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/www-bg/www-bg/philosophy/free-sw.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- free-sw.html 2 Apr 2007 14:25:33 -0000 1.5
+++ free-sw.html 25 Feb 2008 06:29:37 -0000 1.6
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h1>The Free Software Definition</h1>
+<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
<p>
We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must
@@ -234,17 +234,38 @@
and avoid various practical problems.
</p>
-<h2>Open Source?</h2>
+<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
<p>
-Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
-something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q> We prefer
-the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard it refers to
-freedom rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it
-calls to mind freedom</a>. The word <q>open</q> never does that.
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
</p>
-<p><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></p>
+<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
+something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q> We
+prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
</div>
@@ -271,11 +292,11 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-2005, 2006 <br /> Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St,
-Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
-<br />
-Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
preserved.
</p>
@@ -283,7 +304,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/04/02 14:25:33 $ $Author: yavor $
+$Date: 2008/02/25 06:29:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
@@ -304,6 +325,8 @@
<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
<!-- Arabic -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- Azerbaijani -->
@@ -368,6 +391,8 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Swedish -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a> [sv]</li>
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Tagalog -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li>
<!-- Turkish -->
Index: right-to-read.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/www-bg/www-bg/philosophy/right-to-read.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- right-to-read.html 18 Dec 2006 16:36:29 -0000 1.3
+++ right-to-read.html 25 Feb 2008 06:29:37 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,83 +1,46 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
- "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en">
-
-<head>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<title>The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
-<link rev="made" href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]" />
-</head>
-
-<!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
-<!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
-<!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
-<!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
-<!-- See validator.w3.org -->
-
-<body>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
-<p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
-
-<h3>The Right to Read</h3>
<p>
by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
<p>
-<a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img
src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
- width="160" height="200" /></a>
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<h4>Table of Contents</h4>
-<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#AuthorsNote"
- id="TOCAuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#References"
- id="TOCReferences">References</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#OtherTexts"
- id="TOCOtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p>
-<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of <strong>Communications
of the
-ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number 2).</em></p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
<blockquote><p>
- (from "The Road To Tycho", a collection of articles
- about the antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution,
- published in Luna City in 2096)
+ (from “The Road To Tycho”, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096)
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college--when Lissa Lenz
-asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she
-could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was
-no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
-
-<p>
-This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her--but if he lent her his
-computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you
-could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read your
-books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been
-taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
-wrong--something that only pirates would do.</p>
-
-<p>
-And there wasn't much chance that the SPA--the Software Protection
-Authority--would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had
-learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and
-where it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this
-information to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal
-interest profiles to retailers.) The next time his computer was
-networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as computer owner,
-would receive the harshest punishment--for not taking pains to prevent
-the crime.</p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
<p>
Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
@@ -129,9 +92,10 @@
modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
-debuggers--you could not install one if you had one, without knowing
-your computer's root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft
-Support would tell you that.</p>
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
<p>
Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
@@ -140,11 +104,12 @@
for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
<p>
-Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable--he
-lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa
-read his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It
-was still a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about
-it. They would only find out if Lissa reported him.</p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
<p>
Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
@@ -152,14 +117,14 @@
regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
-anything harmful--the offense was making it hard for the
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
was.</p>
<p>
-Students were not usually expelled for this--not directly. Instead
-they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
<p>
@@ -180,10 +145,9 @@
universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#TOCAuthorsNote"
- id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</a></h4>
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</h3>
-<p>This note was updated in 2002.</p>
+<p>This note was updated in 2007.</p>
<p>
The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
@@ -192,14 +156,10 @@
proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
the US, the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act established the legal
basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
-other data too). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a
-2001 copyright directive.</p>
-
-<p>
-Until recently, there was one exception: the idea that the FBI and
-Microsoft will keep the root passwords for personal computers, and not
-let you have them, was not proposed until 2002. It is called "trusted
-computing" or "palladium".</p>
+other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
+in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
<p>
In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
@@ -208,18 +168,66 @@
the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
-computer system. The SSSCA has since been renamed to the CBDTPA
-(think of it as the "Consume But Don't Try Programming Act").</p>
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
<p>
In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of
the Americas treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
-the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called "free trade"
-treaties, actually designed to give business increased power over
-democratic governments; imposing laws like the DMCA is typical of this
-spirit. The <a href="http://www.eff.org";>Electronic Frontier
-Foundation</a> asks people to explain to the other governments why
-they should oppose this plan.</p>
+the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called “free
+trade” treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
+as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
+agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through CAFTA.
+Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign the “free
+trade” agreement, but Ecuador had adopted something like the
+DMCA in 2003. Ecuador's new constitution may provide an opportunity
+to get rid of it.</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
+“trusted computing” and “palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a>, because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies instead of you. This was implemented in 2007 as part
+of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows Vista</a>; we expect Apple
+to do something similar. In this scheme, it is the manufacturer that
+keeps the secret code, but the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little
+trouble getting it.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
+can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions is to make DRM that users can't overcome.</p>
<p>
The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publisher's Association,
@@ -227,17 +235,17 @@
Software Alliance. It is not, today, an official police force;
unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
-and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made veiled
-threats that people sharing software would be raped in prison.</p>
+and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
+slightly-veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
<p>
-When this story was written, the SPA was threatening small
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
-all users. Most ISPs surrender when threatened, because they cannot
+all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
afford to fight back in court. (Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 1 Oct
96, D3.) At least one ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland CA, refused
-the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit,
-but obtained the DMCA which gave them the power they sought.</p>
+the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but
+obtained the DMCA which gave them the power they sought.</p>
<p>
The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
@@ -245,7 +253,7 @@
message when you log in (quotation marks are in the original):</p>
<blockquote><p>
-"This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
@@ -254,23 +262,20 @@
system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
-monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials."
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
-<hr />
-
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#TOCReferences"
- id="References">References</a></h4>
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
<ul>
- <li>The administration's "White Paper": Information Infrastructure Task
- Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information
- Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual
- Property Rights (1995).</li>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property Rights (1995).</li>
<li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
explanation of the White Paper:
@@ -279,61 +284,58 @@
<li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
- <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. We used to
have a link to this, but Washinton Post has decided to start charging users who
wishes to read articles on the web site and therefore we have decided to remove
the link.</li>
+ <li>Public Data or Private Data, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. We
+ used to have a link to this, but Washinton Post has decided to
+ start charging users who wishes to read articles on the web site
+ and therefore we have decided to remove the link.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
- Domain</a>--an organization which aims to resist and reverse
- the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
-<h4>This essay is published in <a href="/doc/book13.html"><cite>Free Software,
Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+<h4>This essay is published in <a href="/doc/book13.html"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
-<h4><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#TOCOtherTexts"
- id="OtherTexts">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
+<p><strong>Other Texts to Read</strong></p>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the GNU
Project</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
Published in Computer World.</li>
</ul>
-<hr />
-
<p>
-The <a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html#AuthorsNote">author's
-note</a> talks about the battle for the right to read and electronic
-surveillance. The battle is beginning now; here are links to two
-articles about technologies now being
-developed to deny you the right to read.</p>
+The <a href="#AuthorsNote">author's note</a> talks about the battle
+for the right to read and electronic surveillance. The battle is
+beginning now; here are links to two articles about technologies now
+being developed to deny you the right to read.</p>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/zdnn/stories/news/0,4586,2324939,00.html";>Electronic
Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
- electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read a
copy.</li>
+ electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
+ a copy.</li>
<li><a
href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
books and documents on a PC.</li>
</ul>
-<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div>
-<div class="copyright">
-<p>
-Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
-</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
<p>
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
-There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
the FSF.
<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
<a href="mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]"><em>[EMAIL PROTECTED]</em></a>.
</p>
@@ -345,7 +347,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman
+Copyright © 1996 Richard Stallman
<br />
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
@@ -355,48 +357,65 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2006/12/18 16:36:29 $ $Author: yavor $
+$Date: 2008/02/25 06:29:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div class="translations">
-<p><a id="translations"></a>
-<b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
-
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
-<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
-<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
-<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<div id="translations">
+<h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise [EMAIL PROTECTED] and add it to -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
-<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
-
-[
-<!-- Bulgarian --> <a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html">bg</a> |
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+<li><a
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Index: software-literary-patents.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvsroot/www-bg/www-bg/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- software-literary-patents.html 14 Dec 2007 16:51:36 -0000 1.2
+++ software-literary-patents.html 25 Feb 2008 06:29:38 -0000 1.3
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
then Minister for Industry, how France would vote on the issue of
software patents, Devedjian responded with an impassioned defense of
copyright law, praising Victor Hugo for his role in the adoption of
-copyright. (The misleading term <a href="not-ipr.html">
+copyright. (The misleading term <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
“intellectual property”</a>, promotes this
confusion—one reason it should never be used.)
</p>
@@ -58,12 +58,13 @@
</p>
<p>
-Consider the novel, Les Misérables, which Hugo wrote. Since he wrote
-it, the copyright belonged only to him—nobody else. He did not
-have to fear that some stranger could sue him for copyright
+Consider the novel, Les Misérables, which Hugo wrote. Since he
+wrote it, the copyright belonged only to him—nobody else. He
+did not have to fear that some stranger could sue him for copyright
infringement and win. That was impossible, because copyright covers
only the details of a work of authorship, and it only restricts
-copying. Hugo had not copied Les Misérables, so he was not in danger.
+copying. Hugo had not copied Les Misérables, so he was not in
+danger.
</p>
<p>
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@
</ul>
<p>
-If such a patent had existed in 1862 when Les Misérables was
+If such a patent had existed in 1862 when Les Misérables was
published, the novel would have infringed all three claims, since all
these things happened to Jean Valjean in the novel. Victor Hugo could
have been sued, and if sued, he would have lost. The novel could have
@@ -104,8 +105,8 @@
</ul>
<p>
-Les Misérables would have infringed that patent too, because this
-description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And here's
+Les Misérables would have infringed that patent too, because
+this description too fits the life story of Jean Valjean. And here's
another hypothetical patent:
</p>
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@
novel. They overlap, but they do not precisely duplicate each other,
so they could all be valid simultaneously; all three patent holders
could have sued Victor Hugo. Any one of them could have prohibited
-publication of Les Misérables.
+publication of Les Misérables.
</p>
<p>
@@ -151,15 +152,16 @@
</p>
<p>
-Other aspects of Les Misérables could also have run afoul of patents.
-For instance, there could have been a patent on a fictionalized
-portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on using Parisian
-slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there is no limit to
-the number of different patents that might have been applicable for
-suing the author of a work such as Les Misérables. All the patent
-holders would say they deserved a reward for the literary progress
-that their patented ideas represent, but these obstacles would not
-promote progress in literature, they would only obstruct it.
+Other aspects of Les Misérables could also have run afoul of
+patents. For instance, there could have been a patent on a
+fictionalized portrayal of the Battle of Waterloo, or a patent on
+using Parisian slang in fiction. Two more lawsuits. In fact, there
+is no limit to the number of different patents that might have been
+applicable for suing the author of a work such as Les
+Misérables. All the patent holders would say they deserved a
+reward for the literary progress that their patented ideas represent,
+but these obstacles would not promote progress in literature, they
+would only obstruct it.
</p>
<p>
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2005, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 2005, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
</p>
<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
@@ -285,7 +287,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2007/12/14 16:51:36 $
+$Date: 2008/02/25 06:29:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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