I did some more investigating, and I think there are two independent problems 
here:
(1) The problem as believed so far, network access permissions
(2) New insight: Kerberos doesn't work with snaps.
This explains why fixing (1) didn't help me (or Adam).

Background: Kerberos is the authentication mechanism used for NFS.
Assuming you are using authentication (as almost everyone does), then
when you access NFS contents, you need to provide kerberos credentials.
These are stored outside of your home directory (after all, home
directories are one of the most common reasons to use NFS, so you can't
store them there). I believe snaps restrict access to just your home
directory, so you can't access the Kerberos key and therefore can't
access your home directory.

This is supported by various bugs like
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/chromium-browser/+bug/1849346
(unresolved) which is a different but relevant issue - people who don't
use NFS but do use Kerberos features in Firefox found they don't work
post snap conversion.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1784774

Title:
  snapd is not autofs aware and fails with nfs home dir

Status in snapd:
  Fix Released
Status in firefox package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in snapd package in Ubuntu:
  Fix Released

Bug description:
  This is similar to bugs 1662552 and 1782873. In 1782873, jdstrand
  asked me to open a new bug for this specific issue.

  In 1662552, snapd fails for nfs mounted home directories as network
  permissions are not enabled. A work around was implemented that works
  if the mount is done via a /home mount at boot. However this does not
  work if people mount home directories via autofs. This is probably the
  fundamental problem for 1782873 although there may be other issues.

  [ Why use autofs? If some but not all of users want to use nfs homes.
  In particular, I have a local user on all my accounts that does not
  require the nfs server to be up or the kerberos server to be up, or
  kerberos working on the client machines, etc. It is very useful when
  something goes wrong. It means I mount /home/user rather than /home
  (for several users). ]

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