PS: my previous email speculated: does zstd -T0 break SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH? I think this test shows that zstd -T0 is safe even when SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1. i.e. it does not need the equivalent of mkinitramfs's workaround for xz and gzip.
bash5$ ls -hl total 1.1G -rw-r--r-- 1 twb twb 1.1G 2022-01-10 11:06 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar bash5$ zstd --keep --fast --verbose --threads=0 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar *** zstd command line interface 64-bits v1.4.8, by Yann Collet *** Note: 4 physical core(s) detected linux_5.15.5.orig.tar : 21.38% (1136691200 => 243006203 bytes, linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst) bash5$ ls linux_5.15.5.orig.tar linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst bash5$ mv linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~1~ bash5$ zstd --keep --fast --verbose --threads=0 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar *** zstd command line interface 64-bits v1.4.8, by Yann Collet *** Note: 4 physical core(s) detected linux_5.15.5.orig.tar : 21.38% (1136691200 => 243006203 bytes, linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst) bash5$ mv linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~2~ bash5$ b2sum *~ 570c5509c9c95dabb655be223f70d48182ee547da3df43696139f00969e3eeb51b4f0a5bab9ca3e905ba3e52fbebb6892ee643e246522198b764143228e81437 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~1~ 570c5509c9c95dabb655be223f70d48182ee547da3df43696139f00969e3eeb51b4f0a5bab9ca3e905ba3e52fbebb6892ee643e246522198b764143228e81437 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~2~ bash5$ SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1 zstd --keep --verbose --threads=0 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar *** zstd command line interface 64-bits v1.4.8, by Yann Collet *** Note: 4 physical core(s) detected linux_5.15.5.orig.tar : 16.29% (1136691200 => 185188738 bytes, linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst) bash5$ ls -lh total 1.7G -rw-r--r-- 1 twb twb 1.1G 2022-01-10 11:06 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 twb twb 177M 2022-01-10 11:06 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst -rw-r--r-- 1 twb twb 232M 2022-01-10 11:06 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~1~ -rw-r--r-- 1 twb twb 232M 2022-01-10 11:06 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~2~ bash5$ mv linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~1~ bash5$ SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=1 zstd --keep --verbose --threads=0 linux_5.15.5.orig.tar *** zstd command line interface 64-bits v1.4.8, by Yann Collet *** Note: 4 physical core(s) detected linux_5.15.5.orig.tar : 16.29% (1136691200 => 185188738 bytes, linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst) bash5$ mv linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~2~ bash5$ b2sum *~ 7edc85faf5c53c62d2a7b13f58100f2795aee109092bbf728c763d1945c84797cb71a4ae32f1cfd53fdaea959120dbbe6eea47fcdb4ee67a5e71faea7e1a122a linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~1~ 7edc85faf5c53c62d2a7b13f58100f2795aee109092bbf728c763d1945c84797cb71a4ae32f1cfd53fdaea959120dbbe6eea47fcdb4ee67a5e71faea7e1a122a linux_5.15.5.orig.tar.zst.~2~