btzq commented on issue #10479:
URL: https://github.com/apache/cloudstack/issues/10479#issuecomment-2689460435

   Mmm its like this:
   
   VPCs Will use system VMs like the Virtual Router to provide the 
functionality for VPCs to work. Such as Routing, DHCP, Load Balancing etc
   
   If you dont want to use Virtual Router, you can create L2 Networks using 
Cloudstack. Its just a simple network that doesnt do anything on its own. So, u 
will need to have some sort of ‘device’ to provide features such as firewall, 
routing etc. To do that, Cloudstack has a feature called VNF (Virtual Network 
Function). It is where you can boot up a VM using an ISO, that had a 
virtualised network applicance in it. So the most common use case of it is 
things like PFsense, vyos etc. 
   
   It is possible to passthrough hardware appliances to a VM which allows u to 
have some form of integration with ‘hardware’. But that is not recommended 
unless u have very specific use cases (and u have to manage it outside of 
cloudstack). VNF is recommended instead because u can resize the VM according 
to ur load and save costs. Furthemore, hardware based appliances are pretty 
expensive… software based can be cheaper and have same performance.
   
   In the cloudstack docs, though it talks about some possible integration with 
hardwares such as netscalet and palo alto, i highly dont recommend it. It was 
written maybe 9 years ago and is no longer maintained. 
   
   But again it is easier to answer if u share ur specific goal? Like what 
hardware are u trying to integrate and why?


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